Table 3.

Responses of Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann nymphs to formulated repellent products in a horizontal Petri dish bioassay^a

Active ingredient of formulated product	No. of ticks usedd	Percentage of ticks located on the nontreated (left) filter paper surface							Model estimatesf
		5 min	10 min	15 min	20 min	25 min	30 min	Percentage repellency	P-value for difference from control
None (control)b	250	43	44	44	51	50	48	N/Ae	N/Ae
DEETc	50	100	100	100	100	98	98	96	<0.0001
Picaridinc	50	100	100	100	100	100	100	97	<0.0001
IR3535c	50	100	100	100	100	100	100	97	<0.0001
Oil of Lemon Eucalyptusc	50	100	98	100	98	98	100	96	<0.0001
p-Menthane-3,8-diolc	50	98	96	92	98	98	100	93	<0.0001
2-Undecanonec	50	98	100	100	100	100	100	96	<0.0001

^aThe Petri dish bioassay arena is illustrated in Fig. 1. Groups of five ticks per trial were introduced along the margin of the treated and nontreated filter paper halves (placed on the nontreated filter paper but as near as possible to the treated filter paper) and the locations of the ticks in the arena were recorded every 5 min over a 30-min period.

^bBoth halves of the arena with nontreated filter paper.

^cLeft half of the arena with nontreated filter paper and right half with treated filter paper.

^dEach product was tested in 10 trials for a total of 50 ticks per product. Cumulative control-only bioassays included 50 trials for a total of 250 ticks.

^eN/A, not applicable.

^fBased on generalized linear mixed models accounting for effects of observation time point and individual trial.