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. 2021 Apr 20;22:112. doi: 10.1186/s12931-021-01713-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — CS restrains overall inflammation in the lung at day 7 but increases inflammation at day 10 post IAV infection. For CS groups, the mice were exposed to CS for 6 weeks in a smoke exposure chamber. Then the mice were intranasally infected with a non-lethal dose of IAV PR8 (300 pfu/mouse) or mock infected with PBS. a Total protein concentration in BALF. BALF was harvested at the indicated time points after infection. Total protein levels in BALF were determined. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 4). b Total CD45 + leukocytes in the lung. Lung cells were isolated and stained for flow cytometry to determine the total numbers of CD45 + cells (n = 5). c Granzyme B protein levels in BALF were determined by ELISA. d Granzyme B and e IAV M1 Protein mRNA levels in the lung were assessed by qRT-PCR and normalized to β-actin. Data are expressed as means ± SEM. * denotes a significant difference compared to the PR8 infected NS group at the same time point (P < 0.05)