Table 4.

Multivariable Poisson regression model of the association between the number of involuntary hospitalizations and sociodemographic, clinical, and contextual characteristics

	Exp ($\widehat{\mathrm{\beta }}$)	95%CI
Sociodemographic characteristics
Gender
Women	Ref
Men	1.31	1.06–1.62 *
Age
15–29	Ref
30–49	1.10	0.86–1.42
50–64	0.97	0.69–1.38
≥ 65	0.89	0.52–1.49
Marital status
Single	Ref
Married/cohabitating	0.74	0.56–0.99 *
Divorced/separated/widowed	0.94	0.70–1.24
Education
None or primary education	Ref
Basic education	1.30	0.98–1.73
Secondary education	1.45	1.05–2.01 *
Higher education	1.89	1.38–2.60 ***
Employment status
Workers or students	Ref
Unemployed	1.08	0.84–1.39
Retired or others	1.11	0.86–1.45
Clinical characteristics
Psychiatric diagnosis
Mood and anxiety disorders	Ref
Dementia	0.98	0.46–1.92
Substance use disorders	0.94	0.60–1.43
Psychosis	2.02	1.59–2.59 ***
Other mental disorders	0.84	0.55–1.26
Suicide attempt
No	Ref
Yes	0.26	0.15–0.42 ***
Contextual characteristics
Year
2002	Ref
2007	1.61	1.21- 2.16 **
2012	1.73	1.31–2.32 ***
Psychiatric service
Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental EPE	Ref
Hospital de Magalhães Lemos EPE	0.65	0.49–0.86 **
Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa	0.67	0.49–0.90 **
Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca EPE	0.79	0.54–1.14
Unidade Local de Saúde do Baixo Alentejo EPE	0.67	0.46–0.96 *

^*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001