Table 1.

Variables

Level	Information
National	Country (Switzerland, Austria)
Institutional	Availability of a protocol/guidelines regarding restraints (based on a(n) (inter) national guideline) within the institution (yes, no)
	Availability of a multi-disciplinary expert committee regrading restraints within the institution (yes, no)
Ward	Regular audits are performed on the ward level to ensure compliance with the protocol/guidelines regarding restraints (yes, no)
	Refresher course regarding restraints for at least 80% of ward nursing staff in the last 2 years (yes, no)
Patient	Age in years (interval)
	Female gender (yes, no)
	Surgical intervention in the 2 weeks prior to data collection (yes, no)
	Number of days since admission to hospital (interval)
	Medical diagnosis groups according to International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10; for each diagnosis group yes, no) [28]
	Care dependency assessed with the Care Dependency Scale (CDS) (15 items [e.g., eating and drinking or mobility] are rated on a Likert scale from 1 to 5 [sum score 15–75]. Lower scores indicate higher care dependency resulting in five verified categories: 15–24 completely dependent, 25–44 dependent to a great extent, 45–59 partially dependent, 60–69 independent to a great extent, 70–75 completely independent) [29]
	Restraint use within the institution retrospectively over a maximum period of 30 days (yes, no)