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. 2021 Apr 20;19:112. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-00855-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — In vitro autophagy inhibition-enhanced SDT efficacy by accelerating cell apoptosis. a The synergistic anti-tumor mechanism of SDT and autophagy inhibition. b, c CLSM images of MCF-7 cells stained with DCFH-DA for ROS detection, and Calcein-AM/PI for live /dead cells identification after different treatments. d Viability assays of cancer cells. Values are presented as means ± s.d. (n = 3) *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. e, f Flow cytometry analysis for the destruction of MMP and evaluation of apoptosis at various stages after different treatments