Table 1.
General and baseline characteristics of included studies.
| Study | Design | Study period (Months-Year) and Study site | Study Population | Total number of participants randomized/completed | Age | Male Gender (%) | Co-existing conditions (%) | Severity status (%) | Drug, dose and duration of interventions |
Follow up duration (Days) | Outcome evaluated | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD years/Median (IQR)* | Median (IQR)* | LR | Comparator | |||||||||
| Cao et al., 2020 [10] | Randomized, Open labelled trial | Jan 2020 to Feb 2020 (China) | All Hospitalized COVID-19 patients with evidence of lower respiratory tract involvement | Total: 199/196LR: 99/96 SC: 100/100 |
LR: 58.0 (50.0–68.0)*SC: 58.0 (48.0–68.0)* | LR: 61.6SC: 59.0 | LR: DM (10.1) CrVD (5.1) SC: DM (13.0) CrVD (8.0) |
NEWS2 score at Day 1 LR: 5.0 (4.0–6.0)* SR: 5.0 (4.0–7.0)* |
LR (400–100 mg) orally every 12 h for 14 days | SC | 28 | Mortality, Virological clearance, Adverse events |
| Horby et al., 2020 [11] | Randomized, Open labelled trial | March 2020 to June 2020 (United Kingdom) | All Hospitalized COVID-19 patients | Total: 5040/4806LR: 1616/1394 SC: 3424/3412 |
LR: 66.0 (16.0)SC: 66.4 (15.8) | LR: 60.0SC: 61.0 | LR: DM (27.0) HD (25.0) SC: DM (28.0) HD (27.0) |
MV at randomization LR: (4.0)SR: (4.0) |
LR (400–100 mg) orally every 12 h for 10 days or until discharge | SC | 28 | Mortality |
| Hung et al., 2020 [12] | Randomized, Open labelled trial | Feb to March 2020 (China) | All Hospitalized COVID-19 patients | Total: 127/126LR: 41/40LR + IFB + RV: 86/86 |
LR: 52.0 (33.5–62.5)LR + IFB + RV: 51.0 (31.0–61.3) |
LR: 56.0LR + IFB + RV: 52.0 |
LR: DM (15.0) HT (32.0) LR + IFB + RV: DM (13.0) HD (27.0) |
Baseline NEWS2 score LR: 2 (2–2)LR + IFB + RV: 2 (1–2) |
LR (400–100 mg) orally every 12 h for 14 days | LR (400–100 mg) orally every 12 h, IFB 1 to 3 doses alternate day (8 MIU) SC, RV 400 mg every 12 h for 14 days | 30 | Mortality, Adverse events |
| Li et al., 2020 [13] | Randomized, Open labelled trial | Jan to April 2020** (China) | Mild-Moderate COVID-19 patients | Total: 86/86LR: 34/34UF: 35/35 SC: 17/17 |
LR: 50.7 (15.4)UF: 50.5 (14.6)SC: 44.3 (NS) | LR: 50.0UF: 45.7SC: 41.2 | Underlying chronic diseases LR: (20.6) UF: (14.3) SC: (35.3) |
Moderate cases LR: (82.4) UF: (94.3) SR: (82.4) |
LR (400–100 mg) orally every 12 h for 7–14 days | Umifenovir (200 mg) every 8 h for 7–14 days SC | 21 | Mortality, Virological clearance, Radiological improvement, Adverse events |
| Nazomi et al., 2020 [14] | Randomized, Open labelled trial | April to June 2020 (Iran) | All Hospitalized COVID-19 patients | Total: 100/100LR: 50/50 UF: 50/50 |
LR: 56.2 (14.8)UF: 56.6 (17.8) | LR: 54.0UF: 66.0 | LR: DM (26.0) HT (34.0) UF: DM (30.0) HT (44.0) |
Severe patients LR: (22.0) UF: (24.0) |
LR (400–100 mg) orally every 12 h for 10 days or until discharge Plus HCQ (400 mg) on Day 1 |
Umifenavir(200 mg) every 8 h for 7–14 days SC Plus HCQ (400 mg) on Day 1 |
30 | Mortality, Virological clearance, Radiological improvement, Adverse events |
| Pan et al., 2020 [15] | Randomized, Open labelled trial | March to October 2020 (30 countries of Africa, America, Asia, Europe) | Hospitalized COVID-19 patients | Total: LR: 1411/1399 SC: 1380/1372 |
LR: NSSC: NS | LR: 60.8SC: 58.4 | LR: DM (24.4) HD (20.6) SC: DM (23.6) HD (21.1) |
LR: Ventilated (8.0)SC: Ventilated (8.3) |
LR (400–100 mg) orally every 12 h for 14 days | SC | 28 | Mortality |
| Zheng et al., 2020 [16] | Randomized, Open labelled trial | NS (China) | All Hospitalized moderate to severe COVID-19 patients | Total: 89/89LR: 29/29NF: 30/30LR + NF: 30/30 |
LR: 37.0 (26.0–54.0)*NF: 46.5 (40.0–63.8)*LR + NF: 50.0 (37.8–62.8) |
LR: 41.4NF: 56.7LR + NF: 43.3 |
LR: DM (6.9) HT (3.3) NF: DM (10.0) HT (6.7) LR + NF DM (10.0) HT (10.0) |
Severe patients LR: (3.4)NF: (6.7)LR + NF: (6.7) |
LR (400–100 mg) orally every 12 h – Duration NS | NF: NF (20 μg) every 12 h inhalation – Duration NS LR + NF: LR (400–100 mg) orally every 12 h – Duration NS + NF (20 μg) every 12 h inhalation – Duration NS |
09 | Virological clearance, Adverse events |
**As per clinicaltrials.gov; LR: lopinavir-ritonavir; SC – supportive Care; NF: novaferon (recombinant anti-tumour and anti-virus protein); IFB: interferon beta; RV – ribavirin; UF – umifenovir; NS: not specified; DM – diabetes mellitus; CrVD – cerebrovascular disease; HT – hypertension; HD – heart disease; NEWS2 – national early warning score 2; MV – mechanical ventilation.