Table 5.

Bi-variate and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses of variables with individual DD status among HIV-positive adults (18–65 years old) attending ART clinics at FHCSH, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019 (n = 352)

Variable	DD		Crude				Adjusted
	High	Lowa	Odds ratios (95 % confidence intervals)			P-value	Odds ratios (95 % confidence intervals)			P-value
Sex						<0⋅001
Male	136	61	2⋅50	1⋅62	3⋅88
Female	73	82	Reference
Age category (years)						0⋅050
18–24	8	9	Reference
25–34	60	59	1⋅14	0⋅41	3⋅17
35–44	99	50	2⋅23	0⋅81	6⋅12
45–54	35	18	2⋅19	0⋅72	6⋅63
55–65	7	7	1⋅13	0⋅27	4⋅64
Religion						0⋅041
Christian	190	138	Reference
Muslim	19	5	2⋅76	1⋅01	7⋅57
Residence					0⋅38
Urban	181	119	1⋅30	0⋅72	2⋅36
Rural	28	24	Reference
Educational status						<0⋅001
No formal education	37	52	Reference
Primary education	32	29	1⋅55	0⋅81	2⋅98
Secondary and above	140	62	3.17	1.89	5.32
Marital status						0⋅001
Married	152	77	Reference
Divorced	23	24	0⋅49	0⋅26	0⋅92
Single	20	15	0⋅68	0⋅33	1⋅39
Widowed	14	27	0⋅26	0⋅13	0⋅53
Employment status						0⋅001				0⋅001
Self-employed	123	62	3⋅47	1⋅60	7⋅51		4⋅60	1⋅72	12⋅27
Government employee	59	37	2⋅79	1⋅23	6⋅33		1⋅51	0⋅51	4⋅50
Daily labourer	15	23	1⋅14	0⋅44	2⋅99		0⋅94	0⋅27	3⋅30
Unemployed	12	21	Reference				Reference
Family size					0⋅28
≤4	28	43	Reference
≥5	181	100	1⋅26	0⋅82	1⋅94
Head of household						<0⋅001
Yes	28	43	2⋅78	1⋅63	4⋅75
No	181	100	Reference
Source of food					0⋅66
Purchase	181	126	1⋅15	0⋅60	2⋅18
Farm	28	17	Reference
Quintiles of wealth index						<0⋅001				<0⋅001
Lowest quintile	22	52	Reference				Reference
Second quintile	34	31	2⋅59	1⋅29	5⋅20		4⋅33	1⋅72	10⋅89
Middle quintile	45	27	3⋅94	1⋅98	7⋅85		4⋅40	1⋅71	11⋅31
Fourth quintile	58	17	8⋅06	3⋅87	16⋅82		6⋅60	2⋅36	18⋅48
Highest quintile	50	16	7⋅39	3⋅48	15⋅67		9⋅45	3⋅34	26⋅77
Smoke cigarettes					0⋅001
No	169	142	Reference
Yes	40	1	33⋅61	4⋅56	247⋅55
Drink alcohol						0⋅010
No	142	115	Reference
Yes	67	28	1⋅94	1⋅17	3⋅21
Chew khat						0⋅005
No	185	142	Reference
Yes	24	1	18⋅42	2⋅46	137⋅80
Follow media (TV/radio/magazine, etc.)					0⋅002
No	45	52	Reference
Yes	164	91	2⋅08	1⋅30	3⋅35
WHO clinical stage of the disease						0⋅039
Stage I (T-1)	83	79	Reference
Stage II (T-2)	83	42	1⋅88	1⋅16	3⋅05
Stage III	42	21	1⋅90	1⋅04	3⋅50
Stage IV	1	1	0⋅95	0⋅06	15⋅48
Last CD4 count (cell/mm3)						<0⋅001				<0⋅001
<200	38	40	Reference				Reference
200–349	81	16	5⋅33	2⋅66	10⋅69		8⋅08	2⋅93	22⋅29
>350	90	87	1⋅09	0⋅64	1⋅86		0⋅67	0⋅26	1⋅71
Duration of ART (months)					0⋅37
≤24	21	9	1⋅74	0⋅77	3⋅95
25–48	47	29	1⋅21	0⋅71	2⋅05
≥ 49	141	105	Reference
ART regimen category						<0⋅001				<0⋅001
First line	185	104	2⋅89	1⋅65	5⋅07		4⋅49	2⋅19	9⋅21
Second line	24	39	Reference				Reference
Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis						<0⋅001				<0⋅001
No	190	105	3⋅62	1⋅99	6⋅60		6⋅36	2⋅54	15⋅88
Yes	19	38	Reference				Reference
Those who had nutritional counselling at a health institution					0⋅017				0⋅032
No	24	30	Reference				Reference
Yes	185	113	2⋅05	1⋅14	3⋅68		2⋅36	1⋅08	5⋅16
Food preferences					0⋅029				0⋅022
No	181	111	1⋅86	1⋅07	3⋅26		2⋅42	1⋅14	5⋅13
Yes	28	32	Reference				1⋅00
Household food insecurity status						<0⋅001				<0⋅001
Food insecure	49	85	Reference				Reference
Food secure	160	58	4⋅79	3⋅01	7⋅60		3⋅51	1⋅85	6⋅67

The forward stepwise elimination binary logistic regression model was run adjusting for the variables significant at P < 0⋅20 in the unadjusted model (bi-variate) which included variables shown in the table.

^aThe reference category is low DD.