Fig. 1.

Results of average marginal associations on care expenditures using PHQ-9 score as a continuous variable. Notes: Results controlled for gender, age, marital status, education, poverty status, living alone, cognitive function, chronic diseases and a history of a diagnosis of depression/anxiety. The marginal associations were calculated based on the two-part model analyses in online Supplementary Table 3. TPM, two-part model. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score ranged from 0 to 23 in this sample.