Table 1.
Characteristics of study respondents (N = 2707)
| ALL (n = 2707) | Non-depressed (n = 838, 31.0%) | Mild (n = 1,403, 51.8%) | Moderate (n = 367, 13.5%) | Moderately severe (n = 99, 3.7%) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%)/Mean (s.d.) | N (%)/Mean (s.d.) | N (%)/Mean (s.d.) | N (%)/Mean (s.d.) | N (%)/Mean (s.d.) | ||
| Female | 2118 (78.2) | 637 (76.0) | 1109 (79.0) | 298 (81.2) | 74 (74.8) | 0.143 |
| Married | 1062 (39.2) | 318 (38.0) | 570 (40.6) | 133 (36.2) | 41 (41.4) | 0.348 |
| Age (60–99 years) | 76.4 (8.3) | 76.9 (8.3) | 76.6 (8.4) | 75.7 (8.0) | 74 (9.1) | 0.186 |
| Education (0–21 years) | 4.9 (4.6) | 4.8 (4.4) | 5.1 (4.6) | 4.9 (4.7) | 4.5 (4.2) | 0.845 |
| Living arrangements | 0.042 | |||||
| Alone | 1105 (40.8) | 358 (42.7) | 570 (40.6) | 139 (37.9) | 38 (38.4) | |
| With spouse | 627 (23.2) | 199 (23.8) | 340 (24.2) | 67 (18.3) | 21 (21.2) | |
| With children | 330 (12.2) | 105 (12.5) | 158 (11.3) | 55 (15.0) | 12 (12.1) | |
| With others | 645 (23.8) | 176 (21.0) | 335 (23.9) | 106 (28.9) | 28 (28.3) | |
| Poverty status: Welfare recipients | 785 (29.0) | 238 (28.4) | 410 (29.2) | 105 (28.6) | 32 (32.3) | 0.857 |
| MoCA (range 9.5–30) | 21.6 (4.4) | 21.7 (4.5) | 21.5 (4.3) | 21.7 (4.4) | 21 (4.4) | 0.492 |
| With more than four chronic diseases | 301 (11.1) | 99 (11.8) | 150 (10.7) | 37 (10.1) | 15 (15.2) | 0.417 |
| Previous diagnosis of depression/anxiety | 231 (8.5) | 48 (5.7) | 123 (8.8) | 39 (10.6) | 21 (21.2) | <0.001 |
| PHQ-9 (range 0–23) | 6.3 (4.0) | 2.2 (1.5) | 6.7 (1.4) | 11.6 (1.5) | 17.4 (2.2) | <0.001 |
Notes: p values are calculated using Chi-square/ANOVA test. MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9.