Table 1.

General characteristics of participants across the categories of breakfast consuming frequency^a

Variables	Breakfast consuming frequency			P valueb
	Seldom	Sometimes	Always
Participants (n)	205	424	2247	–
Age (years)c	35⋅02 ± 0⋅53	34⋅98 ± 0⋅37	36⋅58 ± 0⋅17‡,§	<0⋅0001
BMI (kg/m2)c	24⋅85 ± 0⋅26	25⋅10 ± 0⋅20‡	24⋅85 ± 0⋅08§	<0⋅0001
Depressed (%)	44⋅7	36⋅3	25⋅4	<0⋅0001
Anxious (%)	22⋅7	20⋅7	11⋅2	<0⋅0001
Psychologically distressed (%)	39⋅8	30⋅7	20⋅3	<0⋅0001
Male (%)	32⋅4	37⋅6	43⋅5	0⋅001
Marital status (%)				0⋅808
Married	79⋅8	82⋅9	81⋅5
Single	18⋅9	15⋅3	16⋅9
Other	1⋅3	1⋅8	1⋅6
Psychotropic medicines (%)	13⋅0	6⋅6	4⋅8	<0⋅0001
Current smokers (%)	13⋅9	15⋅4	13⋅5	0⋅527
Physical activity >1 h/week (%)	9⋅8	12⋅7	13⋅3	0⋅144
Educational level				0⋅409
<12 years	15⋅9	12⋅3	11⋅4
12–16 years	76⋅3	80⋅9	80⋅8
≥16 years	7⋅8	6⋅8	7⋅7
FGID (%)d	62⋅2	55⋅0	49⋅1	<0⋅0001
IBS (%)	26⋅1	24⋅2	21⋅4	0⋅07
Functional dyspepsia (%)	21⋅0	16⋅5	13⋅2	0⋅003
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (%)	33⋅2	27⋅1	21⋅1	<0⋅0001
Functional bloating (%)	16⋅4	22⋅3	20⋅5	0⋅24
Constipation (%)	29⋅8	26⋅9	22⋅2	0⋅007
High DII (More than median of DII score) (%)	58⋅3	51⋅3	48⋅6	0⋅002

BMI, body mass index; FGID, functional gastrointestinal disorders; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome; DII, dietary inflammatory index.

^aEating breakfast frequency was defined as seldom: never or 1 d/week, sometimes: 2–4 d/week and always: ≥5 d/week.

^bDerived from one-way ANOVA and χ² test for continuous and categorical variables, respectively.

^cValues are means ± se.

^dFGID defined as suffering from at least one of the following disorders: gastroesophageal reflux, dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome and constipation.

^‡Different from seldom.

^§Different from sometimes.