Table 4. Factors associated with CT or NG infection in women in Kigali, Rwanda (N = 579).
| Total (N = 579) | CT-infected (N = 98) | CT-uninfected (N = 481) | p-value | NG-infected (N = 152) | NG-uninfected (N = 427) | p-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | n /mean | Col%/SD | n /mean | Row%/SD | n /mean | Row% /SD | n /mean | Row%/SD | n /mean | Row%/SD | ||
| Age, continuous (years) | 28.7 | 7.2 | 25.6 | 6.1 | 29.3 | 7.2 | <0.0001 | 26.8 | 6.3 | 29.4 | 7.4 | <0.0001 |
| Referrer | ||||||||||||
| Radio Advert | 284 | 49% | 37 | 13% | 247 | 87% | 0.014 | 67 | 24% | 217 | 76% | 0.153 |
| Friends/Walk-in/Pharmacy/Contact Partner/Internet | 295 | 51% | 61 | 21% | 234 | 79% | 85 | 29% | 210 | 71% | ||
| Living and Marital Status | ||||||||||||
| Married and Cohabiting | 268 | 46% | 34 | 13% | 234 | 87% | 0.012 | 60 | 22% | 208 | 78% | 0.050 |
| Single or Divorced/Separated/Widow | 311 | 54% | 64 | 21% | 247 | 79% | 92 | 30% | 219 | 70% | ||
| Education Level | ||||||||||||
| None | 25 | 4% | 2 | 8% | 23 | 92% | 0.513 | 9 | 36% | 16 | 64% | 0.001 |
| Primary | 242 | 42% | 38 | 16% | 204 | 84% | 81 | 33% | 161 | 67% | ||
| Secondary | 246 | 42% | 46 | 19% | 200 | 81% | 54 | 22% | 192 | 78% | ||
| Higher | 66 | 11% | 12 | 18% | 54 | 82% | 8 | 12% | 58 | 88% | ||
| Employment Status | ||||||||||||
| Full-time employment | 199 | 34% | 30 | 15% | 169 | 85% | 0.383 | 39 | 20% | 160 | 80% | 0.008 |
| Part-time/Student/Jobless | 379 | 66% | 68 | 18% | 311 | 82% | 113 | 30% | 266 | 70% | ||
| Sexual behaviors | ||||||||||||
| Number of partners in last 30 days | ||||||||||||
| None or one partner | 444 | 83% | 70 | 16% | 374 | 84% | 0.112 | 95 | 21% | 349 | 79% | <0.0001 |
| More than one partner | 88 | 17% | 20 | 23% | 68 | 77% | 43 | 49% | 45 | 51% | ||
| Condom use during vaginal sex in the last 3 months | ||||||||||||
| No partners or always used condoms | 35 | 7% | 6 | 17% | 29 | 83% | 0.259 | 4 | 11% | 31 | 89% | <0.0001 |
| Sometimes | 163 | 31% | 34 | 21% | 129 | 79% | 66 | 40% | 97 | 60% | ||
| Never | 334 | 63% | 50 | 15% | 284 | 85% | 68 | 20% | 266 | 80% | ||
| Number of days since sexual contact you suspect STI was acquired from | ||||||||||||
| < = 8 | 46 | 9% | 8 | 17% | 38 | 83% | 0.066 | 15 | 33% | 31 | 67% | 0.003 |
| 9–16 | 78 | 15% | 20 | 26% | 58 | 74% | 31 | 40% | 47 | 60% | ||
| > = 17 | 409 | 77% | 61 | 15% | 348 | 85% | 92 | 22% | 317 | 78% | ||
| Number of children under 18, continuous | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.026 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.600 |
| Number of additional children desired, continuous | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.040 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.279 |
| Pregnant | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 48 | 8% | 8 | 17% | 40 | 83% | 0.947 | 11 | 23% | 37 | 77% | 0.569 |
| No | 528 | 92% | 90 | 17% | 438 | 83% | 141 | 27% | 387 | 73% | ||
| Want more children in next two years | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 125 | 23% | 20 | 16% | 105 | 84% | 0.666 | 33 | 27% | 88 | 73% | 0.821 |
| No | 419 | 77% | 74 | 18% | 345 | 82% | 106 | 26% | 298 | 74% | ||
| Family planning method among women not pregnant and do not want more children in next two years | ||||||||||||
| Non-Hormonal Method (IUD/Condom/Tubal Ligation/Natural Method) or No Method | 268 | 66% | 47 | 18% | 221 | 82% | 0.498 | 56 | 21% | 212 | 79% | 0.001 |
| Hormonal Implant | 50 | 12% | 9 | 18% | 41 | 82% | 24 | 48% | 26 | 52% | ||
| Injectable | 48 | 12% | 5 | 10% | 43 | 90% | 16 | 33% | 32 | 67% | ||
| Pills | 40 | 10% | 9 | 23% | 31 | 78% | 12 | 30% | 28 | 70% | ||
| Family planning method and pregnancy composite | ||||||||||||
| Pregnant | 48 | 8% | 8 | 17% | 40 | 83% | 0.979 | 11 | 23% | 37 | 77% | 0.003 |
| Hormonal method (implant, injectable, pills) | 139 | 24% | 23 | 17% | 116 | 83% | 52 | 37% | 87 | 63% | ||
| Non-Hormonal (IUD/Condom/ Tubal Ligation/Natural Method) or No Method | 388 | 67% | 67 | 17% | 321 | 83% | 89 | 23% | 299 | 77% | ||
| Self-reported symptoms | ||||||||||||
| Vaginal discharge | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 475 | 82% | 78 | 16% | 397 | 84% | 0.412 | 123 | 26% | 352 | 74% | 0.704 |
| No | 101 | 18% | 20 | 20% | 81 | 80% | 28 | 28% | 73 | 72% | ||
| Genital itching | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 320 | 56% | 52 | 16% | 268 | 84% | 0.732 | 57 | 18% | 263 | 82% | <0.0001 |
| No | 254 | 44% | 44 | 17% | 210 | 83% | 92 | 36% | 162 | 64% | ||
| Dysuria | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 266 | 46% | 44 | 17% | 222 | 83% | 0.793 | 75 | 28% | 191 | 72% | 0.306 |
| No | 311 | 54% | 54 | 17% | 257 | 83% | 76 | 24% | 235 | 76% | ||
| Genital ulcer | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 64 | 11% | 9 | 14% | 55 | 86% | 0.489 | 9 | 14% | 55 | 86% | 0.020 |
| No | 508 | 89% | 89 | 18% | 419 | 82% | 140 | 28% | 368 | 72% | ||
| Number of days with symptoms | ||||||||||||
| 1–5 | 72 | 13% | 16 | 22% | 56 | 78% | 0.170 | 24 | 33% | 48 | 67% | 0.003 |
| 6–10 | 77 | 14% | 17 | 22% | 60 | 78% | 27 | 35% | 50 | 65% | ||
| 11–21 | 131 | 24% | 18 | 14% | 113 | 86% | 40 | 31% | 91 | 69% | ||
| >21 | 257 | 48% | 37 | 14% | 220 | 86% | 48 | 19% | 209 | 81% | ||
| Laboratory and physical exam | ||||||||||||
| HIV Status | ||||||||||||
| Positive | 75 | 13% | 8 | 11% | 67 | 89% | 0.121 | 34 | 45% | 41 | 55% | <0.0001 |
| Negative | 504 | 87% | 90 | 18% | 414 | 82% | 118 | 23% | 386 | 77% | ||
| RPR Result | ||||||||||||
| Positive | 46 | 8% | 10 | 22% | 36 | 78% | 0.401 | 21 | 46% | 25 | 54% | 0.002 |
| Negative | 522 | 92% | 88 | 17% | 434 | 83% | 128 | 25% | 394 | 75% | ||
| Trichomonas | ||||||||||||
| Positive | 72 | 13% | 18 | 25% | 54 | 75% | 0.038 | 18 | 25% | 54 | 75% | 0.818 |
| Negative | 491 | 87% | 75 | 15% | 416 | 85% | 129 | 26% | 362 | 74% | ||
| Candida | ||||||||||||
| Positive | 118 | 21% | 12 | 10% | 106 | 90% | 0.035 | 13 | 11% | 105 | 89% | <0.0001 |
| Negative | 437 | 79% | 80 | 18% | 357 | 82% | 132 | 30% | 305 | 70% | ||
| Bacterial vaginosis | ||||||||||||
| Positive | 113 | 21% | 25 | 22% | 88 | 78% | 0.062 | 47 | 42% | 66 | 58% | <0.0001 |
| Negative | 438 | 79% | 65 | 15% | 373 | 85% | 96 | 22% | 342 | 78% | ||
| Vaginal Inflammation or Discharge | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 469 | 87% | 75 | 16% | 394 | 84% | 0.232 | 116 | 25% | 353 | 75% | 0.076 |
| No | 69 | 13% | 15 | 22% | 54 | 78% | 24 | 35% | 45 | 65% | ||
| Endocervical Inflammation or Discharge | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 262 | 49% | 55 | 21% | 207 | 79% | 0.010 | 88 | 34% | 174 | 66% | <0.001 |
| No | 275 | 51% | 35 | 13% | 240 | 87% | 52 | 19% | 223 | 81% | ||
| Genital Ulcer | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 48 | 9% | 9 | 19% | 39 | 81% | 0.652 | 12 | 25% | 36 | 75% | 0.857 |
| No | 481 | 91% | 78 | 16% | 403 | 84% | 126 | 26% | 355 | 74% | ||
Not significant not shown include: Self-reported symptoms anal discharge, anal ulcer, anal warts, and sore throat; genital exam results non-menstrual bleeding (cervix and vagina), condyloma/warts (cervix and vagina), inguinal adenopathy >1cm unilateral and bilateral, adnexal tenderness and adnexal mass.
IUD: intrauterine device; RPR: Rapid plasma reagin; CI: Confidence interval; STI: Sexually transmitted disease; NG: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, CT: Chlamydia trachomatis