Table 2.

Cell markers of GSCs, percentage expression per sample size and percentage of GSCs that express marker per tumor. Abbreviations: GSC = glioblastoma stem cell; N/A = data not available

Cell marker	Sample size	Percentage of expression per sample size	Percentage of GSCs that express marker per tumor	Methodology of preparing specimens	Study
Cell surface markers
CD133	25	N/A	11.2–18.4	Analyzed using flow cytometry	(113)
	4	N/A	19–29	In vitro primary sphere formation assays performed on all uncultured cells prior to flow cytometric quantification	(143)
	24	54	1.7–47.1	Enzymatically dissociated into single cells and cultured; sorted by flow cytometric analysis	(146)
	7	N/A	2.0–94.4	Biopsies were dissociated into single cells and cultured; sorted by flow cytometric analysis.	(164)
	16	75	N/A	Immunohistochemical staining using mouse antihuman CD133/1‐biotin MAb, CD133/2‐biotin MAb, and CD133/1MAb antibody. Signals were counted in eight random fields of each single tumor specimen.	(159)
	125	78.4	N/A	Immunohistochemical staining using anti‐Nestin monoclonal antibody. The number of positive‐staining cells showing immunoreactivity on the cell membranes and cytoplasm in 10 representative microscopic fields was counted and the percentage of positive cells was calculated.	(182)
	47	96	N/A	Immunohistochemical staining using mouse monoclonal anti‐CD133 antibody	(181)
Integrin α6	7	100	1.2–41.1	Biopsy was used immediately after dissociation or after transient xenograft passage in immunocompromised mice. Cells were sorted by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting or magnetic bead separation	(94)
SSEA/CD15	24	96	1.4–84.2	Enzymatically dissociated into single cells and cultured; sorted by flow cytometric analysis	(146)
	7	N/A	3.0–15.2	Biopsies were dissociated into single cells and cultured; sorted by flow cytometric analysis	(164)
L1CAM	3	100	3.8–6.3	Matched glioma cell populations were isolated and cultured and then subjected to fluorescence‐activated cell sorting	(7)
CXCR4	7	100	1.1–40.2	Biopsies were dissociated into single cells and cultured, followed by flow cytometric analysis	(164)
A2B5	25	N/A	57.9–65.5	Analyzed using flow cytometry	(113)
Intracellular markers
Nestin	125	82.4	N/A	Immunohistochemical staining using anti‐Nestin monoclonal antibody. The number of positive‐staining cells showing immunoreactivity on the cell membranes and cytoplasm in 10 representative microscopic fields was counted and the percentage of positive cells was calculated.	(182)
	7	100	10–97.5	Samples were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; immunocytochemistry was used for quantification of the cells positive for a specific marker	(52)
Sox‐2	7	100	31–85.5	Samples were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; immunocytochemistry was used for quantification of the cells positive for a specific marker	(52)
	11	90	N/A	Immunohistochemistry was performed; the proportion of Sox2‐positive cells was determined by counting all cell nuclei as well as nuclei stained for Sox2 in three randomly selected high‐power fields in the tumor core of each sample	(134)