Table 1.
Runners’ characteristics (comparing characteristics between runners with injury history and those without injury history)
| Variable | Total runners (n=804) |
Runners with injury history (n=432) |
Runners without injury history (n=372) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex Female, n (%) | 342 (42.5) | 176 (40.7) | 166 (44.6) | |
| Male, n (%) | 462 (57.5) | 256 (59.3) | 206 (55.4) | |
| Total, n (%) | 804 | 432(54) | 372(46) | |
| Age (years) | 27(11) | 27(12) | 27(12) | 0.48 |
| Obsessive passion | 3.0 (1.3) | 3.2 (1.4) | 2.7 (1.2) | <0.001 |
| BREQ-2 | 10.5 (3.1) | 10.7 (2.8) | 10.3 (3.4) | 0.594 |
| Sleep quality | 5.9 (2.8) | 6.6 (2.8) | 5.1 (2.5) | <0.001 |
| RAND 36-items | 77.0 (11.9) | 74.9 (12.5) | 79.6 (10.6) | <0.001 |
| SQUASH | 6418.9 (5421.3) | 6278.8 (5227.4) | 6582.7 (5640.8) | 0.751 |
| Running distance (km/week) | 15(15) | 15(20) | 15(10) | 0.04 |
| Up to 10, n (%) | 298 (37.1) | 148 (34.3) | 150 (40.3) | 0.002 |
| Between 10 & 20, n (%) | 266 (33.1) | 132 (30.6) | 134 (36.0) | |
| Over 20, n (%) | 240 (29.9) | 152 (35.) | 88 (23.7) | |
| Running experience (years) | 2(4) | 2(4) | 2 (3.2) | 0.49 |
| Up to 2, n (%) | 452 (56.2) | 244 (56.5) | 208 (55.9) | 0.109 |
| Between 2 & 5, n (%) | 198 (24.6) | 96 (22.2) | 102 (27.4) | |
| Over 5, n (%) | 154 (19.2) | 92 (21.3) | 62 (16.7) | |
| Running sessions (No/week) | 3(2) | 3(2) | 3(2) | 0.146 |
| Up to 3, n (%) | 558 (69.4) | 304 (70.4) | 254 (68.3) | 0.52 |
| Over 3, n (%) | 246 (30.6) | 128 (29.6) | 118 (31.7) | |
| Running duration (min/session) | 45(30) | 45(30) | 40(30) | <0.001 |
| Up to 60, n (%) | 476 (59.2) | 235 (54.4) | 241 (64.8) | 0.003 |
| Over 60, n (%) | 358(40.8) | 197 (45.6) | 131 (35.2) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23 (3.6) | 23 (3.9) | 23 (3.4) | 0.8 |
| Normal, n (%) | 644 (80.1) | 336 (77.8) | 308 (82.8) | 0.087 |
| Overweight, n (%) | 150 (18.7) | 92 (21.3) | 58 (15.6) | |
| Obese, n (%) | 10 (1.2) | 4 (0.9) | 6 (1.6) | |
| Foot type | 62 (7.7%) reported “do not know” | |||
| Normal, n (%) | 564 (70.1) | 282 (65.3) | 282 (75.8) | <0.001 |
| Pes planus, n (%) | 131 (16.3) | 89 (20.6) | 42 (11.3) | |
| Pes cavus, n (%) | 47 (5.8) | 35 (8.1) | 12 (3.2) | |
| Running surface # Hard | 1.60 (1.13) | 1.83 (1.08) | 1.34 (1.14) | <0.001 |
| Soft | 0.29 (0.71) | 0.28 (0.67) | 0.31 (0.76) | 0.92 |
| Treadmill | 0.67 (0.94) | 0.61 (0.79) | 0.73 (1.08) | 0.10 |
| Others | 0.18 (0.61) | 0.21 (0.69) | 0.15 (0.51) | 0.43 |
| Running company Group, n (%) | 252 (31.3) | 146 (33.8) | 106 (28.5) | 0.11 |
| Alone, n (%) | 552 (68.7) | 286 (66.2) | 266 (71.5) | |
| Following a running program No, n (%) | 424 (52.7) | 213 (49.3) | 211 (56.7) | 0.036 |
| Yes, n (%) | 380 (47.3) | 219 (50.7) | 161 (43.3) | |
| Other sports Yes, n (%) | 642 (79.9) | 358 (82.9) | 284 (76.3) | 0.021 |
| No, n (%) | 162 (20.1) | 74 (17.1) | 88 (23.7) | |
| Special shoes No, n (%) | 248 (30.8) | 124 (33.3) | 124 (28.7) | 0.21 |
| Yes, n (%) | 556 (69.2) | 248 (66.7) | 308 (71.3) | |
| Special insole No, n (%) | 687 (85.4) | 359 (83.1) | 328 (88.2) | 0.042 |
| Yes, n (%) | 117 (14.6) | 73 (16.9) | 44 (11.8) | |
| Warm up Yes, n (%) | 740(92) | 392 (90.7) | 348 (93.5) | 0.143 |
| No, n (%) | 64(8) | 40 (9.3) | 24 (6.5) | |
| Cool down Yes, n (%) | 672 (83.6) | 362 (83.8) | 310 (83.3) | 0.86 |
| No, n (%) | 132 (16.4) | 70 (16.2) | 62 (16.7) | |
| Foot strike Rearfoot, n (%) | 432 (53.7) | 224 (51.9) | 208 (55.9) | 0.205 |
| Midfoot, n (%) | 192 (23.9) | 116 (26.9) | 76 (20.4) | |
| Forefoot, n (%) | 148 (18.4) | 76 (17.6) | 72 (19.4) | |
Continuous data are expressed as mean and standard deviation (tested by the Mann-Whitney test). All categorical data are expressed by number of runners and percentages (using Chi-square test). Type of surface: hard (cement, asphalt), treadmill, soft (gravel, grass, off-road track), and other (synthetic, sand). Bold p-value shows the statistically significant difference between those with and without injury history [p < 0.002 0.05/30 (the number of comparisons)].