Table 2.
The dose-dependent response of curcumin in multiple test system (in vitro, in vivo and population based studies).
| Study system | Dose | Time of administration | Route of administration | Mechanism of action | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In vitro study | ||||||
| Human Huh-7 cells | 10–20 µM | Pre- transfection | NA | Activates lysosomal destabilization, induces apoptosis | Oyanguren et al., 2020 | |
| HeLa, BHK-21, and Vero-E6 cells | 5 µM | Pre-transfection | NA | Reduce the infectivity of the Chikungunya and Zika viruses without disturbing the integrity of the viral RNA | Mounce et al., 2017 | |
| HepG2, HepG2.2.15 and HEK293 cells | 50–150 μM | Pre-transfection | NA | Inhibits HBV transcription by downregulation of PGC1-α | Mouler Rechtman et al., 2010 | |
| Human Huh-7 cells | 5–15 mM | Pre-transfection | NA | Inhibits HCV gene expression by suppressing Akt-SREBP-1 activation | Kim et al., 2010 | |
| PBMC cell line | IC50 100 µM | Post-transfection | NA | Attenuates viral replication by inhibiting HIV-1 protease | Kumari et al., 2015, Prasad and Tyagi, 2015 | |
| IC50 250 µM | Post-transfection | NA | Attenuates viral replication by inhibiting HIV-2 protease | |||
| IC50 40 µM | Post-transfection | NA | Attenuates viral replication by inhibiting HIV-1 integrase | |||
| HEK-293 T cells | 80 µM | Post-transfection | NA | Inhibits HIV-1 virus transcription by promoting Tat protein degradation | Ali & Banerjea, 2016 | |
| HepG2.2.15 cells | 20 μmol/L | Post-transfection | NA | Inhibits HBV gene replication via down-regulation of cccDNA-bound histone acetylation | Wei et al., 2017 | |
| PBMC cells | IC50 12.5 µM | Post-transfection | NA | Inhibit T cell activation by blocking Ca2+ mobilization and NFAT activation | Kliem et al., 2012 | |
| PBMC cells | 20 µg/ml | Post- transfection | NA | Decline of CD69 expression and upregulation of CCR7, L-selectin, TGF-β1; attenuates T cell activation | Kim et al., 2013 | |
| In vivo study | ||||||
| ALI/ARDS Mouse | 50 µL (20 mg/ml) | Pre-infection | Intra-peritonial | IL-17A ↓, MPO-producing neutrophils ↓, NF-κB p65↓ in lungs, IL-10 ↑ | Chai et al., 2020 | |
| Mice with liver injury | 200 mg/kg body weight | Post- infection | Intra-venous | Reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines level and augment anti-inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 | Abo-Zaid et al., 2020 | |
| H1N1 infected mouse | 25 mg/kg body weight /day | Post-infection | Intra-peritonial | TNFα↓, IL-6↓, INF-γ↓ | Lai et al., 2020 | |
| Rat with acute kidney injury | 100 mg/kg body weight | Post-infection | Intra-peritonial | TNFα↓, IL-6↓ | Zhu et al., 2017 | |
| Human population study | ||||||
| Healthy male | 500 mg/3days | Pre-exercise | Oral intake | IL-6↓ | Sciberras et al., 2015 | |
| Osteoarthritis patients | 80 mg daily | Intervention | Oral intake | Decrease the level of C-reactive protein (CRP), CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, Th17 cells and B cells frequency | Atabaki et al., 2020 | |
| COVID-19 patient | 160 mg curcumin daily for 2 weeks | Intervention | Oral intake (nano-micelles) | IL-6↓, IL-1β↓ | Hassaniazad et al., 2020, Saber-Moghaddam et al., 2021, Valizadeh et al., 2020 | |
| 1 g curcumin daily for 2 weeks | Intervention | Oral intake (Curcumin-piperine capsule) | Trial continue | Miryan et al., 2020 | ||