Figure 5.

SS-31 downregulated LPS-induced macrophage polarization in vitro. (a) Representative images of the morphology of Raw264.7 cells stimulated with LPS and SS-31. Scale bars, 100 μm. (b, c) Immunoblot analysis of inflammation-related proteins TNFα, IL1β, and iNOS in Raw264.7 cells treated with LPS and SS-31. (d–f) Levels of mRNAs encoding IL1β, IL6, and CCL2 (M1 markers) in Raw264.7 cells treated with LPS and SS-31. (g) Representative images of immunofluorescence of iNOS (green) and F4/80 (red) in Raw264.7 cells. Scale bars, 100 μm. Data are mean ± SEM, ^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01, ^∗∗∗p < 0.001, and ^∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001 by unpaired Student's t-test.