Table 4.
Role of miRNAs in AMI.
| miRNAs | Target gene(s) | Inhibitory/activating | Actions | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| hsa-miR-590 and hsa-miR-199a | Homeodomain-only protein homeobox (HOPX), Homer1, and chloride intracellular channel 5 (Clic5) | Activation | Enhances cardiac regeneration and recovery of cardiac function after MI | [85, 86] |
| miR-210 | Hypoxia-induced factor- (HIF-) 1α, ephrin A3 (EFNA3), and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) | Inhibition | Inhibits caspase activity and apoptosis and upregulates angiogenic factors | [88] |
| miR-34a | Bcl2, cyclin D1, protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 10 (PPP1R10), and Sirt1 | Inhibition | Reduces age-associated cardiomyocyte cell death and fibrosis | [89, 91] |
| miR-130a-3p | Bone marrow-derived proangiogenic cells | Activation | Increases circulation in ischemic tissue area | [90] |
| miR-92a | CD31+/CD42b- | Inhibition | Enhances new blood vessel growth and functional recovery of ischemic damaged tissue and reduces cardiac infarct size | [93–95] |
| miR-30 | Cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) and H2S production | Inhibition | Reduces infarct size and apoptotic cell number and enhances cardiac function in response to AMI | [98] |
| miR-101a | Transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β1 | Activation | Suppresses cardiac fibroblast proliferation and collagen production and improves cardiac function in chronic MI of rats | [99] |
| miR-24 | GATA2 and p21-activated kinase (PAK) 4 | Inhibition | Reduces myocardial infarct size and enhances vascularization | [100] |
| miR-378 | CD34+ progenitor cells | Activation | Proangiogenic activity and endogenous repair mechanism | [101] |
| miR-208 | Nemo-like kinase (NLK) | Inhibition | Protects hypoxic/ischemic cardiomyocytes from injury | [102] |
| miR-98 | Fas/caspase-3 apoptotic signal pathway | Activation | Decreases infarct size and increases cardiac cell viability with improved cardiac function | [104] |
| miRNA-146 | Tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α, interleukin-1 (IL-1), early growth response factor 1 (EGR1), and interleukin-17 (IL-17) | Inhibition | Reduces cardiac apoptosis and improves cardiac function in AMI model | [28, 109] |
| miR-133 | Potassium voltage-gated channel (KCN) subfamily Q member 1 (KCNQ1) and subfamily H member 2 (KCNH2) | Overexpression | Enhances heart function and reduces cardiac arrhythmias in MI | [29] |
| miR-328 | TGF-β1 pathway | Inhibition | Reduces cardiac fibrosis and improves cardiac function | [101, 110] |