Table 3.
Associated factor to at-risk or malnutrition among the elderly in Malaysia.
| Variable | Unadjusted odd ratio | Adjusted odd ratio | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | |
| Sex | ||||
| Men | 1 | 1 | ||
| Women | 1.073 | 0.898–1.283 | 0.820 | 0.620–1.083 |
|
| ||||
| Strata | ||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | ||
| Rural | 1.784∗ | 1.394–2.283 | 1.429∗ | 1.073–1.903 |
| Age groups (years) | ||||
| 60–69 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 70–79 | 1.999 ∗ | 1.632–2.447 | 1.082 | 0.846–1.382 |
| 80 and above | 4.395 ∗ | 3.113–6.205 | 0.987 | 0.593–1.642 |
|
| ||||
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Malay | 1 | 1 | ||
| Chinese | 0.667∗ | 0.485–0.916 | 0.583∗ | 0.377–0.902 |
| Indian | 1.173 | 0.645–2.133 | 1.392 | 0.788–2.458 |
| Bumiputra Sabah | 1.477 | 0.938–2.327 | 1.043 | 0.640–1.700 |
| Bumiputra Sarawak | 0.956 | 0.726–1.259 | 0.478∗ | 0.307–0.744 |
| Others | 1.640 | 0.810–3.318 | 0.995 | 0.541–1.829 |
|
| ||||
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 1 | 1 | ||
| Never married separated/widow | 1.940∗ | 1.661–2.267 | 1.204 | 0.895–1.620 |
|
| ||||
| Education | ||||
| No formal/primary | 2.898 | 1.983–4.235 | 1.741∗ | 1.023–2.961 |
| Secondary | 1.199 | 0.772–1.861 | 1.172 | 0.727–1.890 |
| Tertiary | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||
| Working status | ||||
| Employed | 1 | 1 | ||
| Unemployed | 1.239∗ | 1.035–1.484 | 0.918 | 0.700–1.205 |
|
| ||||
| Individual monthly income | ||||
| <RM1000.00 | 2.318∗ | 1.696–3.170 | 0.973 | 0.660–1.435 |
| RM1000.00–RM1999.99 | 1.756∗ | 1.213–2.542 | 1.283 | 0.867–1.898 |
| ≥RM2000.00 | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||
| Depression | ||||
| Yes | 4.859∗ | 3.460–6.823 | 2.086∗ | 1.433–3.037 |
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||
| Hearing disability | ||||
| Yes | 4.382∗ | 2.8836.658 | 1.644 | 0.836–3.234 |
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||
| Vision disability | ||||
| Yes | 3.609∗ | 2.279–5.716 | 1.197 | 0.726–1.976 |
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||
| ADLs status | ||||
| Dependent | 4.298∗ | 3.294–5.608 | 1.350 | 0.990–1.840 |
| Independent | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||
| IADLs status | ||||
| Dependent | 3.261∗ | 2.674–3.976 | 1.355∗ | 1.053–1.743 |
| Independent | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||
| Fall history | ||||
| Yes | 1.444∗ | 1.117–1.867 | 1.130 | 0.807–1.583 |
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||
| Social support | ||||
| Low to fair | 2.522∗ | 1.9463.269 | 1.172 | 0.802–1.713 |
| High | 1.162 | 0.886–1.525 | 0.901 | 0.622–1.306 |
| Very high | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||
| Quality of life status | ||||
| Tertile 1 (<44) | 4.527 ∗ | 3.250–6.308 | 1.879∗ | 1.334–2.646 |
| Tertile 2 (45–51) | 1.749 ∗ | 1.324–2.310 | 1.562∗ | 1.114–2.190 |
| Tertile 3 (≥52) | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||
| BMI status | ||||
| Underweight | 7.551∗ | 4.682–12.180 | 6.725∗ | 4.071–11.110 |
| Normal | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Overweight | 0.525∗ | 0.417–0.660 | 0.538∗ | 0.419–0.691 |
| Obese | 0.503∗ | 0.344–0.736 | 0.501∗ | 0.306–0.820 |
|
| ||||
| Food security status | ||||
| Food secure | 1 | 1 | ||
| Food insecure | 3.068∗ | 2.445–3.850 | 1.767∗ | 1.366–2.287 |
|
| ||||
| Fruit intake | ||||
| <2 servings | 1.352 | 0.982–1.860 | 0.960 | 0.647–1.423 |
| ≥2 servings | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||
| Vegetable intake | ||||
| <3 servings | 1.045 | 0.724–1.509 | 0.946 | 0.633–1.414 |
| ≥3 servings | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||
| Plain water intake | ||||
| <6 servings | 2.863∗ | 2.230–3.676 | 1.352∗ | 1.010–1.809 |
| 6–8 servings | 1.758∗ | 1.291–2.393 | 1.446∗ | 1.010–2.071 |
| >8 servings | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||
| Diabetes status | ||||
| Yes | 1.056 | 1.121 | 0.870–1.281 | |
| No | 1 | 1 | 0.851–1.475 | |
|
| ||||
| Hypertension status | ||||
| Yes | 0.983 | 0.826–1.169 | 1.188 | 0.984–1.434 |
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||
| Hypercholesterolemia | ||||
| Yes | 0.863 | 0.709–1.051 | 0.891 | 0.679–1.168 |
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
∗Significant <0.05 for logistic regression.