Table 2.

Effect of management system (H23 vs. ConExF), time of observation (7:00 a.m. vs. 2:00 p.m.), and the interaction management system * time on the behavioral events of dromedary camels (n = 6): housed in a single box for 23 h with 1 h in a paddock (H23), and exposed for 17 h to females (ConExF). Data are expressed as LSM ± SE

Behavioral parameters		Management system			Time of observation			Interaction
		H23	ConExF	P value	7:00 a.m.	2:00 p.m.	P value	P value
Behavioral frequencies (n/60 min)	Head outside	3.5± 0.4	6.9± 0.4	<0.0001	5.4 ± 0.4	0.36	0.36	0.17
	Number of steps	113.6 ± 18.8	162.6 ± 18.8	0.07	158.2 ± 18.8	0.13	0.13	0.002
	Sniffing	2.0 ± 0.3	1.8 ± 0.3	0.72	3.0± 0.3	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.09
	Flehmen	0.1 ± 0.2	1.7 ± 0.2	<0.0001	1.8 ± 0.2	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
	Defecation	0.9± 0.1	1.01 ± 0.1	0.38	1.7± 0.1	0.007	0.007	0.0002
	Urination	0.9± 0.1	1.3± 0.1	0.02	1.4 ± 0.1	0.0001	0.0001	0.002
	Rubbing/scratching	2.4 ± 0.3	2.6 ± 0.3	0.62	2.8 ± 0.3	0.17	0.17	0.06
	Scratching occipital glands	0.8± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.1	0.10	1.2 ± 0.1	0.006	0.006	0.53
	Yawning	1.4 ± 0.3	1.7 ± 0.3	0.52	1.5 ± 0.3	0.87	0.87	0.26
	Dulaa	0.9 ± 0.5	4.9± 0.5	<0.0001	4.3 ± 0.5	0.0002	0.0002	<0.0001
	Tailflapping	7.7 ± 6.7	39.6 ± 6.7	0.001	36.3 ± 6.7	0.009	0.009	0.0001
	Open leg	3.1± 0.4	3.6± 0.4	0.30	3.6 ± 0.4	0.19	0.19	0.89
	Rolling	0.2 ± 0.1	0.1± 0.1	0.06	0.1 ± 0.1	0.52	0.52	0.11
	Stereotypies	39.7 ± 9.2	36.5± 9.2	0.80	24.2 ± 9.2	0.03	0.03	0.020
	Interaction with male camels	1.1± 0.3	1.6 ± 0.3	0.15	1.8 ± 0.3	0.008	0.008	0.92
	Interaction with females	0.01 ± 0.4	3.5 ± 0.4	<0.0001	3.5 ± 0.4	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
Behavioral intensities (score 1 to 5)	Froth on the mouth	1.0 ± 0.1	1.5± 0.1	<0.0001	1.4 ± 0.1	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
	Nervousness	1.5 ± 0.1	2.6 ± 0.1	<0.0001	2.3± 0.1	0.03	0.03	<0.0001