Fig. 3.

Common port positions tested in cadaver studies. A The two common triangular port configurations for cholecystectomy (13/17 procedures, 6/7 surgeons). For the second configuration, the lower instrument port was also used as an accessory port, and the other two instrument and accessory ports were each used as combined instrument/accessory ports. An endoscope angle of 0° was used in 1/13 procedures testing this triangular configuration; the endoscope angle was 30° down for the other 12/13. B Example set-up for cholecystectomy. C Port positions for left hemicolectomy combined with low anterior resection. The endoscope angle was 0° for this procedure. All port positions were based on surgeon preference. Umbilicus is where the ML crosses the SUL. Diagrams not drawn to scale. MCL midclavicular line, ML midline, SUL supine-umbilical line