Fig. 4.

Common BSU positions tested in cadaver studies. A Common BSU positions for cholecystectomy: (1) 6/17 procedures, 4/7 surgeons; (2) 6/17 procedures, 4/7 surgeons; (3) 5/17 procedures, 3/7 surgeons. B BSU positions for the third combined left hemicolectomy and low anterior resection procedure. The position of assistant was not recorded for all procedures; the operating surgeon is located outside of the grid area at the surgeon console. The superimposed rectangle represents the surgical table with measurements detailing the distance between instrument bedside units and the surgical table or other bedside units. Diagrams not drawn to scale. The red dot indicates the umbilicus. Asst surgical assist, BSU bedside unit, Endo endoscope, Instr instrument