Table 1.
The proportion estimates of underlying medical diseases and associated COVID-19 severity and mortality by geographic region.
| Asia | Europe | Latin America | USA | p value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | P (95% CI) | I2 | N | P (95% CI) | I2 | N | P (95% CI) | I2 | N | P (95% CI) | I2 | ||
| Comorbidities | |||||||||||||
| One comorbidity | 56 | 0.43 (0.39, 0.47) | 98.2 | 12 | 0.66 (0.60, 0.72) | 95.7 | 2 | 0.45 (0.45, 0.46) | ID | 6 | 0.87 (0.77, 0.95) | 99.5 | < 0.001 |
| Multiple comorbidities | 7 | 0.23 (0.14, 0.33) | 97.6 | 1 | 0.40 (0.36, 0.44) | ID | 1 | 0.19 (0.19, 0.20) | ID | 2 | 0.48 (0.48, 0.49) | ID | 0.183 |
| HTN | 58 | 0.25 (0.22, 0.28) | 98.0 | 21 | 0.40 (0.33, 0.47) | 97.8 | 1 | 0.32 (0.25, 0.41) | ID | 12 | 0.51 (0.40, 0.61) | 99.5 | < 0.001 |
| DM | 62 | 0.14 (0.12, 0.16) | 96.5 | 22 | 0.20 (0.17, 0.23) | 92.7 | 4 | 0.18 (0.08, 0.33) | 99.5 | 13 | 0.31 (0.26, 0.36) | 98.1 | < 0.001 |
| CVD | 56 | 0.10 (0.07, 0.13) | 99.3 | 21 | 0.25 (0.20, 0.30) | 96.7 | 4 | 0.20 (0.06, 0.40) | 99.7 | 12 | 0.32 (0.26, 0.39) | 98.8 | < 0.001 |
| Obesity | 1 | 0.04 (0.03, 0.04) | ID | 8 | 0.19 (0.14, 0.31) | 94.9 | 4 | 0.08 (0.03, 0.17) | 99.2 | 11 | 0.39 (0.33, 0.46) | 98.3 | 0.002 |
| CVA | 29 | 0.04 (0.03, 0.05) | 85.2 | 1 | 0.02 (0.00, 0.08) | ID | NA | NA | NA | 3 | 0.10 (0.05, 0.15) | ID | 0.283 |
| Lung disease | 52 | 0.06 (0.04, 0.08) | 98.6 | 19 | 0.13 (0.09, 0.18) | 97.6 | 4 | 0.04 (0.00, 0.12) | 99.3 | 12 | 0.19 (0.15, 0.23) | 97.0 | < 0.001 |
| Cancer/malignancy | 41 | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) | 95.4 | 13 | 0.11 (0.08, 0.14) | 93.0 | NA | NA | NA | 7 | 0.10 (0.08, 0.13) | 95.1 | < 0.001 |
| CKD/other renal disease | 33 | 0.03 (0.02, 0.03) | 89.9 | 11 | 0.09 (0.03, 0.17) | 99.2 | 3 | 0.03 (0.01, 0.07) | ID | 12 | 0.19 (0.15, 0.23) | 97.7 | < 0.001 |
| Liver disease | 37 | 0.05 (0.03, 0.09) | 98.4 | 2 | 0.02 (0.01, 0.02) | ID | 2 | 0.01 (0.01, 0.01) | ID | 3 | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) | 66.7 | 0.879 |
| Severity | |||||||||||||
| Total | 29 | 0.29 (0.24, 0.34) | 96.0 | 4 | 0.30 (0.29, 0.30) | 74.8 | 1 | 0.30 (0.29, 0.30) | ID | 4 | 0.33 (0.18, 0.50) | 99.5 | 0.176 |
| One comorbidity | 29 | 0.46 (0.39, 0.53) | 92.4 | 4 | 0.21 (0.16, 0.27) | 62.6 | 1 | 0.41 (0.40, 0.42) | ID | 4 | 0.35 (0.22, 0.49) | 99.0 | 0.119 |
| No comorbidity | 29 | 0.17 (0.13, 0.21) | 91.0 | 4 | 0.33 (0.03, 0.75) | 97.4 | 1 | 0.20 (0.19, 0.21) | ID | 4 | 0.25 (0.08, 0.46) | 98.0 | 0.604 |
| Multiple comorbidities | 5 | 0.56 (0.40, 0.71) | 84.8 | 1 | 0.16 (0.11, 0.21) | ID | 1 | 0.48 (0.46, 0.50) | ID | 1 | 0.21 (0.19, 0.23) | ID | 0.006 |
| HTN | 39 | 0.45 (0.40, 0.51) | 88.8 | 12 | 0.29 (0.21, 0.37) | 81.2 | 1 | 0.22 (0.11, 0.37) | ID | 7 | 0.34 (0.24, 0.44) | 97.3 | 0.044 |
| DM | 41 | 0.50 (0.44, 0.57) | 85.9 | 11 | 0.31 (0.24, 0.38) | 55.3 | 1 | 0.38 (0.21, 0.56) | ID | 8 | 0.31 (0.23, 0.40) | 94.5 | 0.057 |
| CVD | 39 | 0.55 (0.46, 0.63) | 86.7 | 11 | 0.35 (0.20, 0.51) | 92.8 | 1 | 0.17 (0.00, 0.64) | ID | 7 | 0.31 (0.21, 0.43) | 96.1 | 0.139 |
| Obesity | 1 | 0.24 (0.19, 0.29) | ID | 6 | 0.37 (0.28, 0.47) | 68.2 | 1 | 0.30 (0.18, 0.45) | ID | 8 | 0.31 (0.21, 0.42) | 97.1 | 0.877 |
| CVA | 15 | 0.47 (0.38, 0.56) | 49.0 | 1 | 0.00 (0.00, 0.84) | ID | NA | NA | NA | 2 | 0.23 (0.19, 0.29) | ID | 0.069 |
| Lung disease | 32 | 0.52 (0.40, 0.65) | 85.2 | 11 | 0.35 (0.27, 0.44) | 42.0 | 1 | 0.25 (0.01, 0.81) | ID | 8 | 0.29 (0.20, 0.40) | 93.5 | 0.189 |
| Cancer/malignancy | 23 | 0.40 (0.29, 0.51) | 53.5 | 7 | 0.29 (0.14, 0.46) | 61.5 | NA | NA | NA | 4 | 0.38 (0.18, 0.60) | 96.1 | 0.811 |
| CKD/other renal disease | 21 | 0.68 (0.46, 0.87) | 86.3 | 6 | 0.36 (0.20, 0.54) | 50.3 | NA | NA | NA | 7 | 0.33 (0.24, 0.44) | 91.6 | 0.001 |
| Liver disease | 26 | 0.22 (0.14, 0.31) | 54.3 | 1 | 0.50 (0.01, 0.99) | ID | 1 | 0.50 (0.01, 0.99) | ID | 1 | 0.35 (0.20, 0.54) | ID | 0.815 |
| Mortality | |||||||||||||
| Total | 24 | 14 (0.10, 0.19) | 98.6 | 5 | 0.31 (0.16, 0.48) | 99.3 | 2 | 0.11 (0.11, 012) | ID | 3 | 0.23 (0.11, 0.37) | ID | 0.206 |
| One comorbidity | 24 | 0.24 (0.17, 0.31) | 97.1 | 5 | 0.39 (0.23, 0.56) | 98.9 | 2 | 0.18 (0.17, 0.19) | ID | 3 | 0.26 (0.16, 0.36) | ID | 0.391 |
| No comorbidity | 24 | 0.06 (0.03, 0.09) | 97.4 | 5 | 0.14 (0.01, 0.38) | 99.1 | 2 | 0.06 (0.05, 0.06) | ID | 3 | 0.06 (0.01, 0.13) | ID | 0.306 |
| Multiple comorbidities | 4 | 0.14 (0.03, 0.32) | 95.2 | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 0.25 (0.23, 0.26) | ID | 2 | 0.28 (0.27, 0.29) | ID | 0.130 |
| HTN | 27 | 0.28 (0.21, 0.36) | 96.7 | 10 | 0.36 (0.27, 0.46) | 96.8 | NA | NA | NA | 7 | 0.28 (0.23, 0.34) | 95.2 | 0.277 |
| DM | 30 | 0.27 (0.21, 0.34) | 92.8 | 11 | 0.41 (0.32, 0.51) | 92.2 | 3 | 0.55 (0.45, 0.64) | ID | 7 | 0.28 (0.23, 0.33) | 92.1 | < 0.001 |
| CVD | 29 | 0.36 (0.28, 0.45) | 91.3 | 12 | 0.44 (0.36, 0.52) | 90.2 | 3 | 0.55 (0.47, 0.62) | ID | 7 | 0.40 (0.31, 0.51) | 97.1 | 0.035 |
| Obesity | NA | NA | NA | 3 | 0.37 (0.22, 0.53) | ID | 3 | 0.51 (0.41, 0.61) | ID | 6 | 0.17 (0.11, 0.24) | 95.2 | 0.008 |
| CVA | 13 | 0.48 (0.29, 0.67) | 80.2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2 | 0.39 (0.34, 0.45) | ID | 0.672 |
| Lung disease | 24 | 0.33 (0.21, 0.47) | 90.0 | 8 | 0.40 (0.28, 0.54) | 89.5 | 3 | 0.53 (0.49, 0.57) | ID | 6 | 0.24 (0.19, 0.30) | 75.5 | 0.080 |
| Cancer/malignancy | 20 | 0.27 (0.13, 0.44) | 75.1 | 6 | 0.44 (0.30, 0.58) | 91.4 | NA | NA | NA | 4 | 0.30 (0.23, 0.37) | 87.6 | 0.083 |
| CKD/other renal disease | 16 | 0.38 (0.20, 0.57) | 85.0 | 5 | 0.60 (0.41, 0.79) | 94.5 | 3 | 0.81 (0.61, 0.95) | ID | 8 | 0.33 (0.27, 0.39) | 84.9 | 0.001 |
| Liver disease | 14 | 0.27 (0.10, 0.47) | 85.2 | 1 | 0.49 (0.38, 0.60) | ID | 1 | 0.65 (0.54, 0.75) | ID | 3 | 0.23 (0.17, 0.30) | ID | 0.123 |
N Number of studies, P Proportion, CI Confidence interval, ID Insufficient data, NA Not available, HTN Hypertension, DM Diabetes mellitus, CVD Cardiovascular disease, CVA Cerebrovascular accident, CKD Chronic kidney disease, I2 Index for between studies heterogeneity.