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. 2021 Apr 20;7:38. doi: 10.1038/s41522-021-00207-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Within and among seasons, Bray–Curtis dissimilarity in diet and microbiota are presented in Supplementary Table 2. Rows show the same ordinations for diet (a and b) and microbiota (c and d) compositions. Diet composition and gut microbiota represent transhumance (a and c) and open-continuous grazing (b and d) regimes. Individual yak diet compositions from samples collected in (a) spring (n = 32), summer (n = 33), autumn (n = 37), and winter (n = 45) in transhumance grassland (anosim analysis: R = 0.94, p = 0.0001; adonis analysis: R² = 0.78, p = 0.0001), (b) spring (n = 31), summer (n = 39), autumn (n = 38), and winter (n = 47) in open-continuous grazing grassland (anosim analysis: R = 0.88, p = 0.0001; adonis analysis: R² = 0.67, p < 0.0001), and gut microbiota compositions in (c) spring (n = 31), summer (n = 31), autumn (n = 37) and winter (n = 48) in transhumance grassland (anosim analysis: R = 0.50, p < 0.0001; adonis analysis: R² = 0.16, p < 0.0001) and (d) spring (n = 31), summer (n = 37), autumn (n = 38), winter (n = 47) in open-continuous grazing grassland (anosim analysis: R = 0.47, p < 0.0001; adonis analysis: R² = 0.16, p < 0.0001) plotted on nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) according to the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity. Analysis of similarities (ANOSIM), adonis analysis and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) were used for statistical testing of treatment similarities. The dotted ellipse borders represent the 95% confidence interval.