Table 6.
Factors associated with HDV exposure and HDV viremia among HBV carriers.
| HBsAg (+) | HBsAg (+) & Anti-HDV (+) | HBV DNA (+) & anti-HDV (+) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-HDV (+) | Anti-HDV (−) | p-value | HDV RNA (+) | HDV RNA (−) | p-value | HDV RNA (+) | HDV RNA (−) | p-value | |
| n | 39(25.2%) | 116(74.8%) | 21(53.8%) | 18(46.2%) | 16(61.5%) | 10(38.5%) | |||
| Age | |||||||||
| Mean ± SD | 47.7 ± 7.3 | 45.5 ± 7.4 | 0.108 | 47.5 ± 7.5 | 48.0 ± 7.3 | 0.843 | 47.7 ± 7.8 | 47.2 ± 7.0 | 0.873 |
| Before 1986 | 39(100%) | 116(100%) | N/A | 21(100%) | 18(100%) | N/A | 16(100%) | 10(100%) | N/A |
| After 1986 | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | |||
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 39(100%) | 115(99.1%) | 1.000 | 21(100%) | 18(100%) | N/A | 16(100%) | 10(100%) | N/A |
| Female | 0(0.0%) | 1(0.9%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | |||
| AST (IU/ml) | 29.1 ± 15.4 | 27.7 ± 13.8 | 0.606 | 29.0 ± 13.9 | 29.3 ± 17.3 | 0.948 | 26.6 ± 11.8 | 29.2 ± 22.3 | 0.703 |
| ALT (IU/ml) | 34.8 ± 25.8 | 35.1 ± 25.9 | 0.949 | 35.3 ± 25.6 | 34.3 ± 26.8 | 0.905 | 32.1 ± 22.3 | 34.2 ± 31.3 | 0.840 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.3 ± 3.1 | 23.7 ± 2.9 | 0.276 | 24.0 ± 3.0 | 24.5 ± 3.3 | 0.639 | 23.5 ± 2.6 | 24.6 ± 3.0 | 0.361 |
| FIB-4 | 1.32 ± 1.20 | 1.02 ± 0.62 | 0.140 | 1.43 ± 1.54 | 1.20 ± 0.64 | 0.566 | 1.09 ± 0.51 | 1.06 ± 0.63 | 0.892 |
| IDU | |||||||||
| Yes | 39(100%) | 95(81.9%) | 0.002 | 21(100%) | 18(100%) | N/A | 16(100%) | 10(100%) | N/A |
| No | 0(0.0%) | 21(18.1%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | |||
| NUC (n, %) | 1(2.6%) | 5(4.3%) | 1.000 | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (5.6%) | 0.462 | 0 (0.0%) | 1(10.0%) | 0.385 |
| HBeAg | |||||||||
| Positive | 2(5.1%) | 13(11.2%) | 0.359 | 2(9.5%) | 0(0.0%) | 0.490 | 1(6.3%) | 0(0.0%) | 1.000 |
| Negative | 37(94.9%) | 103(88.8%) | 19(90.5%) | 18(100%) | 15(93.7%) | 10(100%) | |||
| Anti-HBe | |||||||||
| Positive | 35(89.7%) | 103(88.8%) | 1.000 | 17(81.0%) | 18(100%) | 0.110 | 13(81.3%) | 10(100%) | 0.262 |
| Negative | 4(10.3%) | 13(11.2%) | 4(19.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 3(18.7%) | 0(0.0%) | |||
| Anti-HBs | |||||||||
| Positive | 0(0.0%) | 5(4.3%) | 0.331 | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | N/A | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | N/A |
| Negative | 39(100%) | 111(95.7%) | 21(100%) | 18(100%) | 16(100%) | 10(100%) | |||
| Anti-HBc | |||||||||
| Positive | 39(100%) | 115(99.1%) | 1.000 | 21(100%) | 18(100%) | N/A | 16(100%) | 10(100%) | N/A |
| Negative | 0(0.0%) | 1(0.9%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | |||
| HBV DNA | |||||||||
| Mean ± SD (log IU/ml) | 2.10 ± 1.79 | 3.22 ± 1.99 | 0.002 | 2.25 ± 1.65 | 1.92 ± 1.98 | 0.578 | 2.95 ± 1.19 | 3.46 ± 1.23 | 0.305 |
| Positive | 26(66.7%) | 100(86.2%) | 0.007 | 16(76.2%) | 10(55.6%) | 0.173 | 16(100%) | 10(100%) | N/A |
| Negative | 13(33.3%) | 16(13.8%) | 5(23.8%) | 8(44.4%) | 0(0.0%) | (0.0%) | |||
| Anti-HCV | |||||||||
| Positive | 32(82.1%) | 24(20.7%) | 5.2 × 10–12 | 18(85.7%) | 14(77.8%) | 0.682 | 13(81.3%) | 7(70.0%) | 0.644 |
| Negative | 7(17.9%) | 92(79.3%) | 3(14.3%) | 4(22.2%) | 3(18.7%) | 3(30.0%) | |||
| HCV RNA in anti-HCV (+) subjects | |||||||||
| Mean ± SD (log IU/ml) | 1.82 ± 2.81 | 2.91 ± 3.28 | 0.197 | 1.20 ± 2.37 | 2.62 ± 3.20 | 0.180 | 1.67 ± 2.66 | 1.58 ± 2.81 | 0.949 |
| Positive | 10(31.3%) | 11(45.8%) | 0.265 | 4(22.2%) | 6(42.9%) | 0.267 | 4(30.8%) | 2(28.6%) | 1.000 |
| Negative | 22(68.8%) | 13(54.2%) | 14(77.8%) | 8(57.1%) | 9(69.2%) | 5(71.4%) | |||
| Supposed HCV RNA in anti-HCV (+) subjects | |||||||||
| Positive | 15(46.9%) | 15(62.5%) | 0.246 | 6(33.3%) | 9(64.3%) | 0.082 | 5(38.5%) | 4(57.1%) | 0.642 |
| Negative | 17(53.1%) | 9(37.5%) | 12(66.7%) | 5(35.7%) | 8(61.5%) | 3(42.9%) | |||
| HCV genotype in HCV RNA (+) subjects | |||||||||
| 1a | 2(20.0%) | 3(27.3%) | 0.745 | 0(0.0%) | 2(33.3%) | 0.290 | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 1.000 |
| 1b | 1(10.0%) | 1(9.1%) | 1(25.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 1(25.0%) | 0(0.0%) | |||
| 2 | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | |||
| 3 | 1(10.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 1(16.7%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | |||
| 6 | 6(60.0%) | 7(63.6%) | 3(75.0%) | 3(50.0%) | 3(75.0%) | 2(100%) | |||
p.s. Supposed HCV RNA seropositivity included HCV viremia subjects and HCV non-viremia subjects induced by antiviral therapy.
HDV hepatitis D virus; anti-HDV hepatitis D antibody; HDV RNA hepatitis D virus ribonucleic acid; AST aspartate aminotransferase; ALT alanine aminotransferase; BMI body mass index; FIB-4 Fibrosis-4 index; IDU injecting drug user; NUC nucleotide analogue; HBsAg hepatitis B surface antigen; HBeAg hepatitis B envelope antigen; anti-HBe hepatitis B envelop antibody; anti-HBs hepatitis B surface antibody; anti-HBc hepatitis B core antibody; HBV DNA hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid; anti-HCV hepatitis C antibody; HCV RNA hepatitis C virus ribonucleic acid.