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. 2021 Apr 20;12:2330. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22431-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Body weight change in cPLA2KD^Sf1 mice (n = 12) and GFP^Sf1 mice (n = 11). b Glucose tolerance test on cPLA2KD^Sf1 mice (n = 12) and GFP^Sf1 mice (n = 10; two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak multiple comparison test, p = 0.0415 at time = 15, p = 0.0482 at time = 30, cPLA2KD^Sf1 vs GFP^sf1; two-tailed t test in area under the curve (AUC) during GTT, p = 0.0428, cPLA2KD^Sf1 vs GFP^sf1). c Insulin tolerance test on cPLA2KD^Sf1 (n = 8) mice and GFP^Sf1 mice (n = 6) during 8 weeks of HFD feeding. d Representative micrographs showing immunofluorescent cFos staining in the hypothalamus of HFD-fed cPLA2KD^Sf1 and GFP^Sf1 mice after saline or glucose injection. Scale bar: 500 μm. e, f Quantification of cFos expression in the dmVMH, cVMH, vlVMH (e) and ARC (f) of HFD-fed cPLA2KD^Sf1 or GFP^Sf1 mice after saline or glucose injection (n = 3–4 in each experimental group; VMH: two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak multiple comparison test. for vlVMH: p = 0.0231 cPLA2KD^Sf1 Sal vs cPLA2KD^Sf1 Glc, p = 0.014 GFP^Sf1 Glc vs cPLA2KD^Sf1 Glc. For ARC: one-way ANOVA followed by Sidak multiple comparison test, p = 0.0176 cPLA2KD^Sf1 Sal vs cPLA2KD^Sf1 Glc, p = 0.0444 GFP^Sf1 Glc vs cPLA2KD^Sf1 Glc). g–m Hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp studies in HFD-fed cPLA2KD^Sf1 (n = 7) or GFP^Sf1 (n = 7) mice. g Blood glucose levels during hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp studies in HFD-fed cPLA2KD^Sf1 (n = 7) or GFP^Sf1 (n = 7) mice. h The glucose infusion rate (GIR) required to maintain euglycemia during the clamp period in cPLA2KD^Sf1 (n = 7) or GFP^Sf1 (n = 6) mice. i The average GIR between 75 and 115 min in cPLA2KD^Sf1 (n = 7) or GFP^Sf1 (n = 6) mice (two-tailed t test, p = 0.0324, cPLA2KD^Sf1 vs GFP^Sf1). j The rate of glucose disappearance (Rd) during the clamp period, which represents whole-body glucose utilization. k The rates of whole-body glycolysis in cPLA2KD^Sf1 or GFP^Sf1 mice. l Endogenous glucose production (EGP) during both basal and clamp periods in cPLA2KD^Sf1 or GFP^Sf1 mice. m The percent-suppression levels of EGP induced by insulin infusion, which represents hepatic insulin sensitivity in cPLA2KD^Sf1 (n = 7) or GFP^Sf1 (n = 6) mice (two-tailed t test, p = 0.0038, cPLA2KD^Sf1 vs GFP^Sf1). All data represent the mean ± SEM; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.