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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 19.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Omics. 2021 Apr 19;17(2):170–185. doi: 10.1039/d0mo00041h

Figure 1. Overview of chromatin structure and gene/protein regulation.

Figure 1.

DNA access is regulated by DNA methylation and histone post-translational modifications (PTMs). There are approximately 3.2 billion nucleotides in the human genome transcribed to approximately 20,000–25,000 protein coding genes, which are translated to over 1 million proteins due to alternative splicing events. Each layer of regulation can also be modified by microbes that are present in the environment and host organism. Each level of biological regulation can be sequenced by using various nucleotide and protein/peptide sequencing technologies.