Table 3.
Multivariable logistic regression analyses examining factors associated with opioid pain medication misuse in the past 12 months among transgender adults in Massachusetts and Rhode Island (N = 562).
| Block 1: Demographics | Block 2: Demographics, Victimization, Mental Health, Social Support & Substance Misuse | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multivariable | Multivariable | |||||
| aOR | 95% CI | P-Value | aOR | 95% CI | P-Value | |
| DEMOGRAPHICS – CURRENT | ||||||
| Young Adult | ||||||
| No (30+) | 1.00 | ---- | ---- | 1.00 | ---- | ---- |
| Yes (18–29) | 0.91 | 0.48–1.76 | 0.78 | 0.68 | 0.28–1.67 | 0.40 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White (non-Hispanic) | 1.00 | ---- | ---- | 1.00 | ---- | ---- |
| Racial/ethnic minority | 0.84 | 0.36–1.92 | 0.68 | 0.45 | 0.13–1.55 | 0.20 |
| Gender Identity | ||||||
| Trans woman | 2.08 | 0.95–4.56 | 0.07 | 3.22 | 1.05–9.93 | 0.04 |
| Trans man | 1.65 | 0.74–3.67 | 0.22 | 2.90 | 0.94–8.91 | 0.06 |
| Non-binary | 1.00 | ---- | ---- | 1.00 | ---- | ---- |
| Living with HIV | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | ---- | ---- | 1.00 | ---- | ---- |
| Yes | 5.74 | 1.41–23.40 | 0.01 | 9.01 | 1.19–68.18 | 0.03 |
| Health Insurance | ||||||
| No insurance | 3.04 | 0.63–14.76 | 0.17 | 2.77 | 0.36–21.38 | 0.33 |
| Public insurance | 3.12 | 1.62–6.01 | 0.001 | 2.14 | 0.87–5.29 | 0.10 |
| Private insurance | 1.00 | ---- | ---- | 1.00 | ---- | ---- |
| VICTIMIZATION | ||||||
| Physical or Sexual Abuse as a Child | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | ---- | ---- | |||
| Yes | 0.78 | 0.29–2.07 | 0.61 | |||
| Physical or Sexual Abuse in Adulthood | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | ---- | ---- | |||
| Yes | 1.20 | 0.43–3.31 | 0.73 | |||
| Everyday Transgender-Related Discrimination - Lifetime | ||||||
| Continuous | 1.01 | 0.97–1.06 | 0.61 | |||
| Experiencing Stigma in a Healthcare Setting - Past 3 Years | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | ---- | ---- | |||
| Yes | 5.51 | 1.84–16.54 | 0.002 | |||
| Harassed or Attacked in a Healthcare Setting - Past 3 Years | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | ---- | ---- | |||
| Yes | 0.45 | 0.11–1.94 | 0.28 | |||
| MENTAL HEALTH & SELF-HARM | ||||||
| Internalized Transphobia - Current | ||||||
| Absent | 1.00 | ---- | ---- | |||
| Neither fully absent nor fully present | 1.77 | 0.61–5.14 | 0.29 | |||
| Present | 1.43 | 0.52–3.96 | 0.49 | |||
| Depression - Current | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | ---- | ---- | |||
| Yes | 0.43 | 0.10–1.78 | 0.24 | |||
| Anxiety - Current | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | ---- | ---- | |||
| Yes | 1.22 | 0.33–4.52 | 0.77 | |||
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder - Current | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | ---- | ---- | |||
| Yes | 1.41 | 0.50–3.95 | 0.52 | |||
| NSSI - Lifetime | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | ---- | ---- | |||
| Yes | 0.73 | 0.25–2.13 | 0.56 | |||
| Attempted Suicide - Lifetime | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | ---- | ---- | |||
| Yes | 0.69 | 0.27–1.78 | 0.45 | |||
| SOCIAL SUPPORT - CURRENT | ||||||
| Social Connectedness | ||||||
| Suboptimal | 0.33 | 0.14–0.80 | 0.01 | |||
| Optimal | 1.00 | ---- | ---- | |||
| Family Support of Gender Identity/Expression | ||||||
| Supportive | ---- | ---- | ---- | |||
| Somewhat supportive | ---- | ---- | ---- | |||
| Not supportive | ---- | ---- | ---- | |||
| SUBSTANCE MISUSE - PAST 12 MONTHS | ||||||
| Number of Other Substances | ||||||
| Continuous | 2.74 | 1.94–3.89 | <.0001 | |||
OR=Odds Ratio; aOR= Adjusted Odds Ratio; NSSI = non-suicidal self-injury; bolded values = significant at p<0.05.
**
Not inclusive of opioid pain medications
Note. Blocked multivariable regression modeling was used. Demographics were entered into the first block. Variables significant at p<0.25 were entered into the final multivariable model.Both models adjusted for age and race/ethnicity.