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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Soc Sci Med. 2021 Mar 9;276:113274. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113274

Table 3.

Effects of state-level EITC programs on mental health and health behaviors, Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 1995–2015

Effect of State EITC Program by Subgroup
β (95% CI)
Marital Status Gender Race
Outcome Model 1: Single Model 2: Married Model 3: Male Model 4: Female Model 5: White Model 6: Black Model 7: Hispanic/Other
Excellent/very good/good health −0.012
(−0.047, 0.023)		 0.017
(−0.034, 0.068)		 0.023
(−0.030, 0.075)		 −0.0036
(−0.036, 0.028)		 0.011
(−0.028, 0.050)		 −0.012
(−0.049, 0.024)		 0.10
(−0.0038, 0.21)
Psychological distress 0.13
(−0.44, 0.71)		 0.013
(−0.55, 0.57)		 0.47
(−0.058, 1.00)		 0.20
(−0.26, 0.66)		 0.45
(−0.20, 1.10)		 0.46
(−0.22, 1.14)		 −0.97
(−2.48, 0.55)
Currently drink alcohol −0.026
(−0.083, 0.031)		 0.048
(−0.022, 0.12)		 0.041
(−0.033, 0.12)		 −0.0056
(−0.055, 0.043)		 0.049
(−0.0083, 0.11)		 −0.031
(−0.083, 0.021)		 −0.036
(−0.24, 0.17)
3+ alcoholic drinks per day 0.012
(−0.021, 0.045)		 −0.0085
(−0.081, 0.064)		 −0.024
(−0.072, 0.024)		 0.023
(−0.013, 0.060)		 0.018
(−0.020, 0.056)		 0.0029
(−0.042, 0.048)		 −0.056
(−0.19, 0.075)
Currently smoke −0.0092
(−0.072, 0.054)		 −0.015
(−0.037, 0.0084)		 −0.012
(−0.057, 0.032)		 −0.0097
(−0.064, 0.044)		 −0.012
(−0.066, 0.042)		 0.0052
(−0.044, 0.054)		 −0.0091
(−0.098, 0.079)
Number of cigarettes per day −0.35
(−1.41, 0.71)		 −0.56
(−1.40, 0.28)		 −0.089
(−1.10, 0.93)		 −0.38
(−1.18, 0.42)		 −0.20
(−1.22, 0.81)		 −0.097
(−1.20, 1.01)		 −0.064
(−1.52, 1.39)

Study sample was drawn from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for survey years 1995–2015. Coefficients represent the effect of living in a state after implementation of state-level EITC. All models adjusted for age, age-squared, head of household marital status, number of children, inflation-adjusted household pre-tax income, and income-squared, state gross domestic product per capita, state unemployment rate, state percent of population with a high school degree or less, and fixed effects for individual and year. Robust standard errors were clustered at the state level. EITC: earned income tax credit.