Table 4.

Evidence of the correlation between antibody glycosylation and disease activity in autoimmune diseases.

	RA	SLE	CD	UC	AAV	FNAIT	PBC	PSC
More severe clinical and biochemical (CRP, ESR, ALP, TB) manifestations	IgG agalactosylation↑ [114] ; IgG G0/G1↑ [107, 115];	IgG galactosylation↓; IgG sialylation ↓; IgG bisection↑ [121]	IgG agalactosylation↑ [126]			Fucosylation of HPA-1a specific IgG1↓ [35]; Galactosylation of HPA-1a specific IgG1↑ [139];	IgG1 agalactosylation↑; Branching IgG2 ↑;[86]	IgG1 agalactosylation↑; Branching IgG2 ↑;[86]
Severe pathological change	IgG agalactosylation↑ [116]		IgG2/3 agalatosylation↑; IgG2/3 digalactosylation↓; IgG2/3 sialylation ↓[125]; IgG1 agalactosylation↑; IgG1 G0F/G2F ↑[125, 128];	IgG agalatosylation↑; IgG digalactosylation↓; IgG G0F/G2F ↑[125, 128];		Galacosylation of IgG autoantibodies↑ [140]; Fucosylation of HPA-1a specific IgG1↓ [35]	Branching IgG1 and IgG2↑; IgG2 agalactosylation ↑;[86]	Branching IgG1 and IgG2↑; IgG2 agalactosylation ↑;[86]
Active disease status	IgG galactosylation↓ [105] ; IgG sialylation ↓[105, 113]	IgG fucosylation↑[122]	IgG agalactosylation↑; IgG G0F/G2F ↑[128, 131];	IgG G0F/G2F ↑[128]	IgG1 Sialylation of PR3-ANCA and total IgG↓; IgGl agalactosylation↑; IgGl galactosylation↓ [134, 136]; IgG bisection↓ [135];			IgG agalactosylation↑; IgG galactosylation ↓;[86]
Difficulty in treatment and management (need for surgery or relapse)			IgG2/3 agalatosylation↑; IgG2/3 digalactosylation↓; IgG2/3 sialylation ↓[125]	IgG agalatosylation↑; IgG digalactosylation↓; IgG sialylation ↓[125]	IgG1 galactosylation↓; IgG1 sialylation ↓[137];

B2, stricturing Crohn’s disease; B3, internal penetrating Crohn’s disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; ALB, serum albumin; BVAS, Birmingham vasculitis activity scores; G0/G1, agalactosylated N-linked glycans to singly galactosylated N-linked glycans ratio; G0F/G2F, fucosylated agalactosylated N-linked glycans to fucosylated digalactosylated N-linked glycans ratio.