Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Author (year) country | Study design | Population | Sample size | Age [years, mean (s.d.)], % male | Intervention group (n) and description intervention | Comparator group (n) and description of intervention | Intervention duration | Length of follow-up | Measure of adherence to PA | Measure of levels of PA | Theory, BCTs (n) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Allam et al. (2015) [40] Switzerland |
RCT | RA | 157 |
53.46 (9.96) 54% |
Information (n = 30) Information and social support (n = 29) Gaming (n = 28) Social support and gaming (n = 28) Combined groups (n = 115) |
Information on RA management delivered via the Web page Social support provided via online forum Participants’ actions and contributions to the platform were reviewed by collective time points Social support provided via online forum plus participants’ actions and contributions to the platform were reviewed by collective time points |
Control group (n = 40) | No access to website | 8 weeks | 2 months (post-intervention) | Self-report completion of exercise (min/week) | N/A |
No theory reported Information: Information about health consequences, credible source, problem solving (n = 3) Information and social support: Information about health consequences, credible source, problem solving, social support (practical); social support (emotional) (n = 5) Gaming: Information about health consequences, credible source, problem solving, non-specific reward, social comparison (n = 6) Social support and gaming: Information about health consequences, credible source, problem solving, social support (practical); social support (emotional) non-specific reward, social comparison (n = 7) |
|
Armbrust et al. (2017) [41] The Netherlands |
RCT | JIA | 49 |
10.2 (9–10.8) 43% |
Intervention group (n = 28) | Web-based cognitive behavioural programme to improve physical activity. Combination of Internet-based and individual instruction, supplemented with four group sessions | Standard care (n = 21) | Standard care, not restricted in any activities | 14 weeks |
14 weeks (post-intervention) 12 months |
Self-report 7 day activity dairy, moderate to vigorous physical activity duration (min/week) |
Accelerometer readings over 7 days Moderate to vigorous physical activity duration (min/week) |
Pender’s Health Protection Model [45] Goal setting (behaviour), information about health consequences, problem solving, social support (emotional), instructions on how to perform the behaviour, action planning, commitment, reward (material), feedback on behaviour, goal setting (outcome), prompts and cues, problem solving (n = 11) |
|
Lorig et al. (2008) [42] USA |
RCT | RA | 855 |
52.2 (12.2) 9.5% |
Intervention group (n = 425) | The internet‐based arthritis self‐management program (ASMP): interactive, web-based instruction; web-based bulletin board discussion; individually tailored tools, such as exercise logs, medication diaries and an exercise programme | Usual care (n = 441) | No access to ASMP | 6 weeks |
6 months 12 months |
Self-reported aerobic exercise (min/week) | N/A |
Self-efficacy theory [46] Goal setting, action planning, demonstration of the behaviour, reduce negative emotions, self-talk, social support (unspecified). Feedback on behaviour, problem solving, verbal persuasion, prompts and cues (n = 10) Control group: reward (material reward) (n = 1) |
|
Brosseau et al. (2014) [43] Canada |
Cohort | RA | N/A |
56.4 (12.5) 19% |
Intervention group (n = 99) | Online educational programme, focusing on self-management in RA, delivered via Facebook | N/A | N/A | 2 weeks |
2 weeks (post-intervention) 3 months |
Self-reported intention to complete hand-strengthening exercises (%) | N/A |
Knowledge to action cycle [47, 48] Credible source; demonstration of the behaviour; instruction on how to perform behaviour (n = 3) |
BCT: behaviour change technique; N/A: not applicable; PA: physical activity; RCT: randomized controlled trial.