TABLE 1.
Porphyrin fine tuning and the resulting conjugate properties.
| Type of porphyrins | Material used in modification | Effect of modification | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS); 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2,6-difluoro-3-sulfophenyl)porphyrin (F2POH), and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2,6-difluoro-3-sulfophenyl)porphyrin Zn(II) (ZnF2POH) | titanium dioxide (qTiO2) | Stability of the resulting nanoparticles | Sułek et al. (2019) |
| Increase in the fluorescence when compared to free Porphyrins | |||
| Increased levels of ROS generation after impregnation of qTiO2 | |||
| Multiple mechanisms of ROS generation | |||
| Exhibited antimicrobial activity at a very low concentration | |||
| Broad‐spectrum of activity | |||
| 5-(4-nitrophenyl)-10,15,20-tripyridylporphyrin | Filter paper (cellulose) and cyanuric chloride as the linking agent | A strong photobactericidal effect against S. aureus and E. coli. | Mbakidi et al. (2013) |
| 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)-21H,23H-porphyrin. | Polymyxin B | Synergistic effect of Polymyxin B and PACT | Le Guern et al. (2017) |
| Increased uptake by Fibroblasts thus increasing wound healing. | |||
| Expanded spectrum of activity of Polymyxin B to gram-positive bacteria after conjugation. | |||
| Nitrotetraphenylporphyrin | amino acids, l-lysine, l-histidine, and l-arginine, | Amino acid conjugation resulted in water solubility | Meng et al. (2015) |
| Increased photostabilities | |||
| Increasing conjugation with lysine increased production of singlet oxygen species | |||
| Better photoinactivation abilities of bacteria when compared to the free Porphyrins | |||
| Conjugates were resistant to degradation in serum within 24 h. | |||
| Good biocompatibility | |||
| 2-hydroxypyridine axial ligated indium 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(4-phenylmethylthio) porphyrin (3) and quaternized 2-hydroxypyridine axial ligated indium 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(4-phenylmethylthio) porphyrin | oleyamine and oleic acid (OLA) | 8 log reduction in bacteria | Collen Makola et al. (2021) |
| 100% bacteria elimination after 25 min irradiation | |||
| tetrakis(N-methylpyridyl)porphyrin (TMPyP) | Lysine Analogue of Polymyxin B | 4 log reduction compared to the untreated control) | Le Guern et al. (2018) |
| Photobactericidal activity against Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative bacteria | |||
| Tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP) | DNA | High ROS generation efficiency and photostability | Kumari et al. (2017) |
| Improved killing efficiency of gram-positive S. aureus bacteria | |||
| 5(4′-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin (cTPP) | cationic antimicrobial peptide, apidaecin Ib | Increased water solubility | Dosselli et al. 2010 |
| Broad spectrum of activity | |||
| Improved antibacterial activity when compared to the free porphyrin | |||
| tricationic porphyrin [(5,10,15‐tris(1‐methylpyridinium‐4‐yl)‐20‐(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin triiodide, Tri‐Py+‐Me‐PF] Sn(IV) porphyrins | 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphatidylethanolamine pyridyloxyl trans-axial ligand | Improved antimicrobial effects and hence broad-spectrum coverage against drug-resistant strains of bacteria | Alves et al. (2013) |
| Reduction in the aggregation of the porphyrins | Babu et al. (2019), Babu et al. (2020b) | ||
| High singlet oxygen production | |||
| High killing efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus |