. 2021 Apr 7;9:635344. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2021.635344

TABLE 2.

Different nanosystems for delivery of photosensitizers.

Porphyrin used	Biomaterials	Nanocarrier	Irradaiation conditions	Bacteria tested on	Activity	Significant findings	References
4-(15-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenyl)porphyrin-5-yl)-1-methylpyridin-1-ium Iodide	Gelatin	phototheranostic polymeric nanoparticle	Green LED (0.5W, 520–560 nm) for about 3 h	Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis, Candida viswanathii	5 and 6 log antimicrobial activity translating to about 99.999% elimination	Excellent hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, and stability,	Kirar et al. (2019)
						High ¹O₂ quantum yield (44%),
						High fluorescence quantum yield (69%)
						Elimination of up 99.9999% of the gram-negative and positive bacteria and fungus.
Hematoporphyrin (HP) and Chlorophyll a (Chlorin)	Cationic lipids	Liposomes	White light from a Teclas Lamp, 100 mW/cm² For 30 min	MRSA	>5 log inhibition of MRSA by chlorin alone in 10 min. There was, however, a reduction in activity when the delivery systems were applied For HP, the delivery system greatly enhanced the inhibition activity	Endocellular concentration of photosensitizer	Ferro et al. (2006)
Hematoporphyrin (HP) and Chlorophyll a (Chlorin)	Cationic lipids	Liposomes	White light from a Teclas Lamp, 100 mW/cm² For 30 min	MRSA		Elimination of MRSA	Ferro et al. (2006)
zinc meso-tetra (4-pyridyl) porphyrin (ZnTPyP)	Zinc meso-tetra (4-pyridyl) porphyrin	Cubic nanoparticles	Solar simulator for 120 min	E. coli	50% was eliminated after 30 min. By 120 min, all the E. Coli was completely eliminated	Synthesized porphyrin self-assembled into cubic nanoparticles	Wang D. et al. (2018)
						High singlet oxygen quantum yields
						Fairly stable for a long time in dark at ambient conditions. Attractive property for storage and transportation.
						Effective elimination of bacteria
Sinoporphyrin sodium (DVDMS)	PLGA	Nanohybrids	Different visible laser doses	Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. Aureus	4-log (99.9918%) inactivation of MRSA and 5-log (99.9995%) inactivation of S. aureus	Eliminated Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. Aureus	Mai et al. (2020)
						Accelerated wound healing in a burn infection model.
						Increased several regenerative factors.
						Fluorescence imaging achieved
Tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin	Bimetallic PCN-224(Zr/Ti)	Metal–Organic Framework	Visible light (200 mW cm⁻²) for 3 min	S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, A. baumannii, MRSA, MRSE, MDR E. coli and MDR A. baumannii	96.4% MDR E. coli, 96.8% MRSA, and 96.2% MRSE were eliminated	Elimination of multidrug-resistant bacteria	Chen et al. (2020)
						High singlet oxygen quantum yields
						Accelerated wound healing