Table 1.

Molecular mechanisms involving ncRNAs in heart diseases

Types of cardiac cells	Noncoding RNA involved	Mechanism	Effect
Smooth muscle cell	ANRIL	Inhibits PRC-1/CBX7 PRC-2/EZH2	Increases proliferation
	SENCR		Reduces cell migration
	H19	Inhibits HIF1α miR675	Causes cell death
Endothelial Cells	STEEL	Regulation of PARP1	Increased expression of eNOS KLF2
	MEG3	Regulate p53 leading to VEGF expression and Inhibits miR-9 miR-26 miR-138	Inhibits angiogenesis
	PUNISHER		Leads to vascular differentiation
	MIAT	Innervate miR-1246, miR200a, miR-29	Leading to vascular leakage
	MALAT1	Control cell cycle regulatory genes	Increases proliferation
	MANTIS	Regulate ICAM1, SMAD6, COUP-TFII, SOX18 BRG1	Increases angiogenesis and reduces inflammation
Inflammatory cells	lncRNA CCL2	Regulates IGF2BP2 hnRNPU	Increases the expression of CCL2
	MALAT1	Regulates miR503	Reduces inflammation
Blood serum	GAS5	Regulates EZH2	Increases lipid accumulation
	CHROME	Inhibits miR-128, miR-27b, miR-33a/b	Leads to cholesterol metabolism
	LeXis	Regulation via RALY	Reduces cholesterol
	MeXis	ABCA1 through DDX17	Decreases cholesterol level

Abbreviations: CHROME cholesterol homeostasis regulator of miRNA expression eNOS endothelial NO synthase,EZH2 enhancer of zeste homolog 2,GAS5 growth arrest-specific transcript 5,ICAM-1 intercellular adhesion molecule 1,LeXis liver-expressed LXR-induced sequence, lncRNA long noncoding RNA,MALAT1 metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1,MEG3 maternally expressed gene 3,MeXis macrophage-expressed LXR induced Sequence, MIAT myocardial infarction associated Transcript, miR miRNA,PRC2 polycomb repressive complex 2,SENCR smooth muscle and endothelial cell–enriched migration/differentiation associated lncRNA, STEEL spliced-transcript endothelial enriched lncRNA, HOXD-AS1, or HAGLR, TNF tumor necrosis factor, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor and VEGFR2 vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2