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. 2021 Apr 21;19:114. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-00852-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — The development of small-volume sample analysis techniques for nasal fluid analysis. a Advanced desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) analysis combined with current nasal fluid absorption methodology to provide direct mucosal diagnosis based on small-volume, unprocessed mucosal sample. Charged droplets for mucosal sample extraction and transportation to a mass spectrometer [76]. b Advanced surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique combined with current nasal fluid absorption methodology to detect for oseltamivir-resistant pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) virus in nasal fluid [84]