M1-Mφ suppress EMT, migration, and invasion of trophoblasts in vitro. (A) Schematic illustration of the M1-Mφ and trophoblast co-culture model and the experimental design. (B) Western blot analysis of E-cadherin (E-cad), N-cadherin (N-cad), and vimentin (Vim) protein levels in HTR-8 and JEG3 cells co-cultured with M1-Mφ or control. (C-D) RT-PCR assays of E-cad, N-cad, and Vim mRNAs in HTR-8 and JEG3 cells co-cultured with M1-Mφ or control. (E-H) Migration and invasion capacities of trophoblasts (HTR-8 and JEG3) alone or co-cultured with M1-Mφ determined by wound healing and transwell assays, respectively. Representative images of migrated or invaded cells are shown (magnification, × 200). Error bars, SD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.