Table 1.

Effects of high fat diet on intestinal microorganisms and body

No.	Specimen type	Specimen Source	Technology	Microbial composition alteration	Metabolites and other alterations	First author, year
1	Mucosal and luminal contents	C57BL/6J mice	Whole-genome shotgun sequencing, 16S rRNA gene amplification	Order level: ↑Caudovirales order of temperate phages; Class level: ↑Bacteroidia, Bacilli and ↑Negativicutes	—	Kim M.S., 2016 201
2	Fecal samples	Rat	Pyrosequencing technology, NMR	↑Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio	↑Fecal tyrosine and phenylalanine. ↓Fecal amino acids, SCFAs, purines, pyrimidines, niacin, bile acids, ethanol, hexoses, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, TCA cycle intermediates, gut microbiota related metabolites including 4-hydroxyphenylacetate, trimethylamine and dimethylamine.	Lin H., 2016 235
3	Fecal samples	C57BL/6 mice	16S rRNA sequencing	Phylum level: ↑Firmicutes; Family level: Lachnospiraceae, Streptococcaceae (phylum Firmicutes)	↑Plasma: leptin, TNFα, IL-6. Colon and ileum: inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Ki67.	Zeng H., 2016 236
4	Fecal samples	C57BL/6J mice, 129S6/Sv mice	HiSeq-based whole genome sequencing	Genus level: ↑Clostridium, Pseudoflavonifractor, Spirochaetes, Fusobacteria, Dorea, Synergistetes, Faecalibacterium, Eubacterium, Oscillibacter, Ruminococcus, Subdoligranulum, Anaerotruncu, Blautia, Euryarchaeotadramatic, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio; ↓Tannerella, Parabacteroides, Prevotella	↑Genes expression involved in pathways and modules related to fatty acid metabolism, cell mobility, transport, methane metabolism, and xenobiotic degradation; capacity for glycerol utilization of the gut microbiota. ↓Genes expression involved in translation and vitamin biosynthesis.	Xiao L., 2017 187
5	Intestinal contents	C57BL/6 mice	Real-time PCR	Genus level: ↑Firmicutes, Lactobacillus; ↓Turicibacter, Prevotella, Bacteroides, Bifidobacteria.	↑Intestinal inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. ↑Serum IFNγ and TNF-α.	Guo X, 2017 237
6	Cecal contents	C57BL/6J, 129S1/SvImJ and 129S6/SvEvTac mice	16S rRNA sequencing	Phylum level: ↑Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia	↑Cecum: bile acids, AMP, cAMP, ADP, and CMP and nucleosides; plasma: proinflammatory fatty acids, such as adrenic and stearic acid. ↓Plasma: anti-inflammatory fatty acids, such as eicosopentaenoic and docosohexanoic acids.	Fujisaka S., 2018 238
7	Fecal samples	Mice	16S rRNA sequencing	Order level: ↑Lactobacillales; Bacteroidale, Erysipelotrichales, Burkholderiales (all are subject to Bacteroidete); Genus levels: Lactobacillus Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio.	↑Serum: triglyceride, cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein; membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism. ↓Adipose tissue: genes related to lipid metabolism expression such as PPARɑ/γ, LXRɑ/β; Liver: genes related to lipid metabolism expression such as and PPARγ and LXRɑ; metabolism of amino acid, energy, and cofactors and vitamins.	Yin J., 2018 239
8	Cecum contents	Hens	16S rRNA gene amplification, pyrosequencing	Family level: ↑Erysipelotrichaceae, Alcaligenaceae, Enterococcaceae, Lactobacillaceae, ↓Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio; Rikenellaceae.	↑TC, TG, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Lactobacillaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae are positively linked with LDL-C, TC, and TG. Ruminococcaceae had a significantly positive association with glucose. Bacteroidaceae and Porphyromonadaceae had significantly negative relationships with glucose and TG.	Liu C., 2018 240
9	Faecal samples	Young adults	16S rRNA sequencing	Genus level: ↑Alistipes, Bacteroides; Blautia, Faecalibacterium Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio	↑Four pathways: steroid hormone biosynthesis, lysosome pathway, arachidonic acid metabolism and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Faecal metabolites: indole, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidonic acid and indoleacetic acid; plasma:hypersensitive-c-reactive-protein and thromboxane B2; ↓Faecal metabolites: butyric acid, valeric acid and ethylmethylacetic acid.	Wan Y., 2019 241

↑: Increased; ↓: Decreased.