Table 2.
Clinical Characteristics of APS Patients With CVST.
| No | Gender/age (years) | Onset | Initial features | Major clinical features | LAC | Cerebral parenchymal lesions | Site of CVST (CTV/MRV/DSA) | Treatment | Prognosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | F/28 | Chronic | Headache | Headache | – | None | LTS, SiS, IJ | ACT | Good |
| 2 | F/41 | Subacute | Headache | Headache, nausea/vomiting | + | None | SSS | ACT | Good |
| 3 | M/19 | Subacute | Headache | Headache, nausea/vomiting | – | Left parietal CVI | LTS, SSS, CoS, Cortical veins | ACT | Good |
| 4 | M/25 | Chronic | Headache | Headache, visual loss | – | None | BTS, SSS, SiS, | ACT, EMT | Good |
| 5 | M/33 | Chronic | Headache | Headache | – | None | RTS | ACT, APT | Good |
| 6 | F/50 | Chronic | Headache | Headache, visual loss, dizziness | – | BSI; CSI | LTS | ACT, CS | Good |
| 7 | F/33 | Chronic | Headache | Headache, earache, neck pain | + | None | RTS, SSS, SS, SiS, CoS | ACT, APT, CS, HCQ, MTX | Good |
| 8 | F/35 | Subacute | Dizziness | Visual loss, nausea/vomiting, dizziness | + | None | BTS | ACT, APT, CS | Good |
| 9 | F/51 | Subacute | Headache | Headache, visual loss, nausea/vomiting, diplopia, right earache | – | LFH; LTH | LTS, SSS, SiS, SS, CoS, IJ | ACT, EMT | Good |
| 10 | M/51 | Chronic | Visual loss | Visual loss, left hemiplegia, dysarthria | – | Left frontal, temporal, and parietal CVI and HVI | BTS, SSS, SiS, CoS | ACT, APT | Death |
| 11 | M/42 | Acute | Hemiplegia | Headache, hemiplegia, conscious disturbance | – | Right frontal, left frontal, temporal, parietal, basal nucleus, callosum, and mesencephalon CVI | BTS, SSS | ACT | Good |
| 12 | F/28 | Subacute | Headache | Headache, nausea/vomiting, hemiplegia, conscious disturbance, seizure | – | Right thalamic CVI and HVI | SS, ISS, Galen’s vein | ACT, LET, EMT, CS, HCQ | Death |
| 13 | F/46 | Chronic | Headache | Headache, diplopia, left hemiplegia | – | Right parietal CVI | RTS, SSS, BSiS | ACT, LET, EMT | Good |
| 14 | F/21 | Subacute | Headache | Headache, nausea/vomiting, dizziness, conscious disturbance | + | RBNI | RTS, SSS, RSiS, RIJ | ACT, APT, CS, HCQ, AZA | Good |
| 15 | F/50 | Subacute | Headache | Headache, diplopia, dizziness | – | None | LIJ, SiS | ACT | Good |
| 16 | M/11 | Chronic | Headache | Headache, visual loss, nausea/vomiting, diplopia | – | None | TS, RIJ, SiS, SSS | ACT, HCQ, ONSF | Good |
| 17 | F/33 | Subacute | Headache | Headache, nausea/vomiting, diplopia, dizziness, neck pain | – | None | TS, LIJ, LSiS | ACT, APT, CS, STENT | Good |
| 18 | F/38 | Chronic | Headache | Headache, visual loss, ophthalmodynia, limb numbness | – | None | SSS | ACT, CS | Good |
| 19 | F/33 | Chronic | Headache | Headache, visual loss, tinnitus, memory decline | + | LSFI | LIJ | ACT, CS, HCQ | Good |
| 20 | F/30 | Subacute | Headache | Headache, visual loss, diplopia | + | None | LTS, SiS, BIJ | ACT, APT, CS, ONSF | Good |
| 21 | M/70 | Chronic | Headache | Headache, visual loss | – | Right occipital CVI | BTS, SSS | ACT, CS, HCQ | Death |