Table 1.
Characteristics and lipid values of women with NGT or GDM, by physiological subtype.
| GDM-Secretion Median (IQR)/n (%) | Pb | GDM-Mixed Median (IQR)/n (%) | Pb | GDM-Sensitivity Median (IQR)/n (%) | Pb | NGT Median (IQR)/n (%) | Pa | All GDM Median (IQR) | Pc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nd | 20 (29.9% of GDM) | – | 12 (17.9% of GDM) | – | 34 (50.7% of GDM) | – | 739 (91.8% of total n) | – | 67 (8.3% of total n) | – |
| Age (years) | 30 (28–32) | – | 31 (23–33) | – | 28 (25–35) | – | 28 (25–31) | 0.16 | 29 (26–33) | 0.05 |
| % European descent | 18 (90.0%) | – | 12 (100.0%) | – | 34 (100.0%) | – | 714 (97.1%) | 0.22 | 65 (97.0%) | 0.95 |
| % Nulliparous | 5 (25.0%) | – | 4 (33.3%) | – | 17 (50.0%) | – | 382 (51.8%) | 0.07 | 27 (40.3%) | 0.07 |
| % Patient history of GDM or macrosomia | 8 (40.0%) | 0.001 | 3 (25.0%) | 0.23 | 5 (14.7%) | 0.61 | 62 (8.4%) | 0.0001 | 16 (23.9%) | <0.0001 |
| First-trimester visit | ||||||||||
| Gestational age (weeks) | 8.8 (7.5–10.8) | – | 10.2 (8.2–12.1) | – | 9.4 (7.2–11.6) | – | 9.2 (8.1–11.4) | 0.85 | 9.3 (7.4–12.0) | 0.89 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.9 (20.7–26.0) | 0.15 | 25.3 (21.3–29.8) | 0.98 | 30.1 (26.9–37.7) | <0.0001 | 23.9 (21.5–27.5) | <0.0001 | 27.0 (22.0–32.4) | 0.002 |
| Second-trimester visit | ||||||||||
| Gestational age (weeks) | 26.4 (25.9–27.7) | – | 26.2 (25.3–27.8) | – | 26.3 (25.6–26.6) | – | 26.2 (25.6–27.1) | 0.65 | 26.3 (25.6–34.5) | 0.91 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.0 (23.7–28.3) | 0.21 | 28.7 (24.6–32.8) | 0.65 | 32.3 (28.9–40.9) | <0.0001 | 26.6 (24.2–30.1) | <0.0001 | 29.3 (25.6–34.5) | 0.0004 |
| Insulin sensitivity (Matsuda) | 7.4 (6.2–8.5) | >0.99 | 5.4 (4.7–5.5) | 0.0003 | 2.9 (2.3–4.0) | <0.0001 | 7.9 (5.8–11.2) | <0.0001 | 4.6 (2.9–6.2) | <0.0001 |
| Insulin secretion (Stumvoll) | 594 (501–739) | <0.0001 | 748 (694–870) | <0.0001 | 1364 (1063–1677) | 0.0003 | 1121 (934–1286) | <0.0001 | 969 (676–1368) | 0.004 |
| DIo | 4491 (3947–5318) | <0.0001 | 4082 (3824–4374) | <0.0001 | 4038 (3655–4613) | <0.0001 | 8557 (6797–12,004) | <0.0001 | 4144 (3760–4850) | <0.0001 |
| Lipids | ||||||||||
| Fasting NEFA (nmol/L) | 0.32 (0.27–0.38) | 0.01 | 0.32 (0.23–0.36) | 0.17 | 0.34 (0.28–0.39) | <0.0001 | 0.24(0.18–0.31) | <0.0001 | 0.33 (0.26–0.38) | <0.0001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.75 (1.33–1.85) | 0.54 | 2.04 (1.71–2.66) | 0.18 | 2.20 (1.73–2.78) | 0.004 | 1.82 (1.48–2.24) | 0.001 | 1.97 (1.58–2.61) | 0.02 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.20 (1.79–2.30) | 0.29 | 1.92 (1.46–2.33) | >0.99 | 1.64 (1.42–2.03) | 0.01 | 1.90 (1.63–2.18) | 0.01 | 1.89 (1.46–2.22) | 0.28 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.26 (2.92–3.52) | 0.29 | 4.39 (3.31–5.43) | 0.07 | 2.99 (2.18–3.81) | 0.06 | 3.41 (2.83–4.03) | 0.01 | 3.24 (2.67–3.82) | 0.19 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 6.10 (5.55–6.47) | >0.99 | 7.15 (6.52–7.88) | 0.01 | 5.98 (5.01–6.61) | 0.28 | 6.18 (5.51–6.92) | 0.01 | 6.23 (5.34–6.96) | 0.68 |
| Apolipoprotein A (mmol/L) | 2.21 (2.08–2.36) | – | 2.16 (2.03–2.35) | – | 2.08 (1.84–2.20) | – | 2.11 (1.93–2.30) | 0.22 | 2.17 (1.91–2.24) | 0.74 |
| Apolipoprotein B (mmol/L) | 1.10 (1.08–1.25) | – | 1.52 (1.10–1.60) | – | 1.19 (0.96–1.38) | – | 1.18 (1.03–1.38) | 0.18 | 1.14 (1.08–1.38) | 0.98 |
NGT, normal glucose tolerance; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; IQR, interquartile range; GCT, glucose challenge test; DIo, oral disposition index; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acid.
Differences across groups were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables and the Fisher exact test for categorical variables.
When the P values from the Kruskal-Wallis test or Fisher exact test were <0.05, pairwise comparisons were made between the NGT group and each of the GDM subtypes using Dunn’s test or Fisher exact test. P values were adjusted using the Bonferroni method and are presented in the third, fifth and seventh columns.
Differences between the All GDM group and the NGT group were compared using the rank sum test with P values given in the eleventh column.
Missing data on second-trimester LDL (n = 34) and second-trimester HDL (n = 28); all other variables had data missing for ≤5 participants. There were a total of 67 participants with GDM, however one participant could not be categorized into a subtype leaving a total of 66 available for subtype analyses.