Table 2.
Meta-regression estimates for all included questionnaires with respective factors/dimensions/subscales. Coefficients (Coeff.) are presented with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and standard errors (SE). The t-test statistic determines whether a linear relationship exists under the null hypothesis that the slope is equal to zero. Tau² indicates the between-study variance and I² indicates the degree of inconsistency across studies in percent. Intercept estimates are rounded to the first decimal, except for the HRS due to its different range (0–4). Slope estimates are rounded to the third decimal considering its greater sensitivity to increasing dose.
| Outcome | Intercept | Slope | t (df) | p | Tau² | I² | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coeff. | (95% CI) | SE | Coeff. | (95% CI) | SE | |||||
| 5D-ASC | ||||||||||
| Auditory Alterations | 0.6 | (–8.7−9.9) | 1.71 | 0.044 | (0.006−0.081) | 0.0062 | 7.1 (1.5) | .040 | 4.2 | 22.3 |
| Oceanic Boundlessness | 4.0 | (–28.9−37.0) | 9.67 | 0.127 | (0.005−0.249) | 0.0388 | 3.3 (3.1) | .045 | 30.8 | 43.9 |
| Dread of Ego Dissolution | –2.2 | (–10.4−6.0) | 2.40 | 0.092 | (0.062−0.122) | 0.0093 | 9.8 (3.0) | .002 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Vigilance Reduction | 10.6 | (–6.4−27.5) | 4.15 | 0.098 | (–0.015−0.211) | 0.0252 | 3.9 (1.9) | .065 | 78.7 | 64.0 |
| Visionary Restructuralization | 6.3 | (–22.3–34.9) | 9.06 | 0.151 | (0.032−0.269) | 0.0390 | 3.9 (3.3) | .026 | 71.4 | 65.3 |
| 11-ASC | ||||||||||
| Anxiety | –0.5 | (–27.8–26.7) | 3.69 | 0.029 | (–0.121−0.179) | 0.0203 | 1.4 (1.3) | .348 | 3.9 | 49.0 |
| Audio-Visual Synesthesia | 20.2 | (–66.4–106.8) | 13.89 | 0.061 | (–0.449−0.571) | 0.0692 | 0.9 (1.3) | .510 | 243.7 | 83.3 |
| Blissful State | 13.8 | (–27.0–54.6) | 7.91 | 0.117 | (–0.091−0.324) | 0.0352 | 3.3 (1.5) | .115 | 18.2 | 40.1 |
| Complex Imagery | 20.2 | (–91.9–132.2) | 16.16 | 0.117 | (–0.480−0.713) | 0.0796 | 1.5 (1.3) | .338 | 61.2 | 59.2 |
| Changed Meaning of Percepts | 32.8 | (–3.2–68.8) | 5.70 | –0.010 | (–0.352−0.332) | 0.0432 | –0.2 (1.3) | .850 | 114.1 | 79.0 |
| Disembodiment | 10.8 | (–79.1–100.8) | 12.02 | 0.067 | (–0.401−0.536) | 0.0611 | 1.1 (1.3) | .435 | 28.7 | 43.2 |
| Elementary Imagery | 27.8 | (–139.6–195.1) | 24.94 | 0.111 | (–0.873−1.090) | 0.1270 | 0.9 (1.3) | .517 | 141.7 | 76.2 |
| Experience of Unity | 8.3 | (–3.7–20.4) | 1.86 | 0.099 | (0.038−0.160) | 0.0103 | 9.6 (1.5) | .025 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Insightfulness | 8.8 | (–10.4–28.1) | 3.80 | 0.095 | (–0.006−0.197) | 0.0172 | 5.5 (1.5) | .055 | 9.2 | 22.6 |
| Impaired Control & Cognition | 18.7 | (1.6–35.8) | 2.41 | –0.007 | (–0.093−0.070) | 0.0089 | –0.7 (1.2) | .579 | 21.1 | 58.2 |
| Spiritual Experience | –10.0 | (–63.4–43.4) | 10.09 | 0.132 | (–0.224−0.488) | 0.0632 | 2.1 (1.6) | .205 | 42.8 | 72.4 |
| MEQ30 | ||||||||||
| Ineffability | 48.2 | (–13.1−109.5) | 10.75 | 0.073 | (–0.020−0.166) | 0.0243 | 3.0 (2.3) | .081 | 45.3 | 59.0 |
| Mystical | 32.9 | (–28.4−94.3) | 9.90 | 0.081 | (–0.021−0.183) | 0.0264 | 3.1 (2.3) | .078 | 58.1 | 58.4 |
| Positive Mood | 49.8 | (2.7−97.0) | 7.97 | 0.058 | (–0.034−0.150) | 0.0239 | 2.4 (2.3) | .122 | 62.2 | 70.1 |
| Transcendence of Time & Space | 32.2 | (–22.5−86.8) | 9.23 | 0.090 | (0.002−0.175) | 0.0227 | 3.9 (2.3) | .048 | 77.5 | 72.0 |
| HRS | ||||||||||
| Affect | 1.24 | (–1.08−3.57) | 0.236 | 0.002 | (–0.001−0.005) | 0.0005 | 3.9 (1.7) | .078 | 0.01 | 41.4 |
| Cognition | 0.96 | (–1.56−3.48) | 0.261 | 0.003 | (0.000−0.007) | 0.0007 | 4.5 (1.7) | .059 | 0.03 | 50.1 |
| Intensity | 1.96 | (1.58−2.34) | 0.040 | 0.002 | (0.001−0.003) | 0.0003 | 7.8 (1.7) | .024 | 0.02 | 50.3 |
| Perception | 0.88 | (–0.20−1.95) | 0.112 | 0.003 | (0.001−0.004) | 0.0003 | 10.6 (1.7) | .015 | 0.00 | 0.0 |
| Somaesthesia | 1.07 | (–1.94−4.08) | 0.313 | 0.002 | (–0.001−0.005) | 0.0006 | 3.1 (1.7) | .107 | 0.09 | 83.9 |
| Volition | 1.44 | (–0.23−3.11) | 0.154 | 0.001 | (–0.001−0.003) | 0.0004 | 2.2 (1.5) | .200 | 0.00 | 0.0 |