Table 3.
Overview of impact of experience levels on force exertion.
| Study | Task | Speciality | Mean of Average Forces Novice | Mean of Average Forces Intermediate | Mean of Average Forces Expert | % Difference Novice Vs Intermediate | % Difference Novice Vs Expert | % Difference Intermediate Vs Expert |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Horeman 2012 | Sharp penetration | General surgery (laparoscopic) | 4.5 | 2.7 | 40% more | |||
| Kobler 2015 | Drilling | Otolaryngology | 13.85 | 12.29 | 11% more | |||
| Wottawa 2016 | Retraction with Grasping | General surgery (laparoscopic) | 3.65 | 3.15 | 14% more | |||
| Gonenc 2017 | Sharp penetration | Ophthalmology (robotic) | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 29% | 0% more | 29% more |
| Rafii-Tari 2017 | Sharp penetration | Vascular surgery | 0.32 | 0.12 | 62% more | |||
| Talasaz 2017 | Sharp penetration | Cardiothoracic surgery (robotic) | 2.54 | 2.49 | 2% more | |||
| Ebrahimi 2019 | Sharp penetration | Ophthalmology (robotic) | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 29% | 30% more | 50% more |
| Kwong 2019 | Retraction with grasping | Orthopaedic | 470.7 | 941.4 | 50% less |