Table 3.
Results of multi-group analysis
| Not using allied health services | Using allied health services | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HK | NZ | HK | NZ | |
| AOR (95CI) | AOR (95CI) | AOR (95CI) | AOR (95CI) | |
| Demographic Information of care-recipient | ||||
| Female | 1.01 (0.87, 1.16) | 0.87 (0.78, 0.98)* | 0.46 (0.16, 1.34) | 0.90 (0.70, 1.17) |
| Age | ||||
| 65–74 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 75–84 | 1.10 (0.90, 1.33) | 1.02 (0.88, 1.18) | 0.63 (0.17, 2.32) | 0.88 (0.61, 1.28) |
| 85+ | 1.23 (1.00, 1.51)* | 1.04 (0.88, 1.22) | 0.51 (0.12, 2.22) | 0.83 (0.57, 1.23) |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Never married/Widowed/Separated/Divorced/Other | 0.89 (0.72, 1.09) | 1.05 (0.82, 1.33) | 1.23 (0.25, 6.07) | 0.59 (0.32, 1.09) |
| Married/Civil Union/Defacto | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Living arrangement | ||||
| Alone | Ref*** | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| With spouse/partner only | 0.88 (0.61, 1.28) | 1.41 (1.06, 1.88)* | 0.10 (0.01, 1.73) | 1.19 (0.57, 2.49) |
| With spouse/partner and others | 0.73 (0.51, 1.04) | 1.16 (0.87, 1.55) | 0.13 (0.01, 1.93) | 1.60 (0.78, 3.28) |
| With child | 0.60 (0.47, 0.78)*** | 1.06 (0.78, 1.43) | 0.07 (0.01, 0.54)* | 0.56 (0.27, 1.19) |
| Perceived to be better-off living elsewhere | 2.74 (2.38, 3.15)*** | 5.83 (5.19, 6.56)*** | 3.90 (1.36, 11.15)* | 4.68 (3.41, 6.42)*** |
| Health and functional status of care-recipient | ||||
| Stay in hospital within 7 days | 1.05 (0.87, 1.28) | 0.84 (0.73, 0.97)* | 0.06 (0.01, 0.45)** | 0.86 (0.56, 1.35) |
| Hearing | ||||
| Adequate | Ref*** | Ref* | Ref | Ref |
| Minimal difficulty | 0.81 (0.70, 0.92)** | 0.93 (0.82, 1.06) | 0.87 (0.31, 2.46) | 0.94 (0.70, 1.26) |
| Moderate to severe difficulty | 1.15 (0.97, 1.37) | 1.15 (1.00, 1.33)* | 1.22 (0.29, 5.22) | 0.99 (0.73, 1.36) |
| Vision | ||||
| Adequate | Ref*** | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Minimal difficulty | 1.01 (0.88, 1.16) | 1.01 (0.88, 1.15) | 0.39 (0.14, 1.09) | 0.94 (0.71, 1.26) |
| Moderate to severe difficulty | 0.67 (0.53, 0.85)*** | 1.11 (0.92, 1.33) | 0.96 (0.25, 3.73) | 0.69 (0.46, 1.05) |
| 3+ IADL items with difficulties | 1.98 (0.89, 4.39) | 1.20 (0.84, 1.71) | NA | 0.59 (0.12, 2.89) |
| ADL Hierarchy Scale | ||||
| Independent | Ref | Ref*** | Ref | Ref |
| Supervision | 1.01 (0.86, 1.18) | 1.44 (1.25, 1.65)*** | 1.14 (0.26, 4.97) | 1.10 (0.71, 1.69) |
| Limited to Total dependence | 1.09 (0.93, 1.27) | 1.35 (1.17, 1.56)*** | 1.86 (0.49, 7.09) | 0.91 (0.59, 1.39) |
| Fall in last 90 days | 1.05 (0.92, 1.19) | 1.11 (0.99, 1.24) | 1.47 (0.57, 3.75) | 1.05 (0.82, 1.36) |
| Behavioral problems in past 3 days | 1.59 (1.40, 1.81)*** | 1.56 (1.38, 1.76)*** | 2.33 (0.75, 7.23) | 1.35 (1.04, 1.77)* |
| Mood problem in past 3 days | 1.53 (1.31, 1.80)*** | 1.89 (1.65, 2.15)*** | 1.64 (0.43, 6.28) | 1.18 (0.85, 1.64) |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Dementia only | Ref*** | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Stroke & Dementia | 0.70 (0.53, 0.93)* | 0.83 (0.68, 1.02) | 0.30 (0.03, 3.66) | 1.00 (0.69, 1.45) |
| CVD & Dementia | 0.94 (0.80, 1.11) | 1.05 (0.93, 1.18) | 0.74 (0.21, 2.66) | 0.93 (0.70, 1.25) |
| CVD, Stroke & Dementia | 0.76 (0.64, 0.91)** | 0.92 (0.74, 1.13) | 0.64 (0.17, 2.39) | 1.10 (0.73, 1.68) |
| Caregiver characteristics | ||||
| Primary caregiver relationship with care-recipient | ||||
| Child or child-in-law | 1.58 (1.32, 1.90)*** | 1.15 (0.91, 1.44) | 0.64 (0.17, 2.36) | 1.34 (0.84, 2.14) |
| Spouse/Partner/significant other | 3.22 (2.54, 4.07)*** | 1.32 (0.96, 1.81) | 2.55 (0.61, 10.62) | 2.57 (1.22, 5.41)* |
| Parent/guardian/Sibling/Other relative or whanau/friends | Ref*** | Ref | Ref | Ref* |
| Primary caregiver lives with care-recipient | 0.92 (0.77, 1.10) | 1.57 (1.21, 2.05)*** | 0.87 (0.19, 3.95) | 2.33 (1.24, 4.38)** |
| Primary caregiver provides IADL care | 1.19 (0.82, 1.74) | 0.83 (0.69, 1.00)* | 3.82 (0.26, 57.02) | 0.84 (0.62, 1.13) |
| Primary caregiver provides ADL care | 3.02 (2.47, 3.69)*** | 1.24 (1.08, 1.41)** | 0.57 (0.12, 2.80) | 1.00 (0.73, 1.38) |
| Primary caregiver provides more than 21 h of care in 7 days | 1.52 (1.31, 1.77)*** | 1.34 (1.18, 1.52)*** | 2.46 (0.80, 7.63) | 1.22 (0.85, 1.75) |
ADL activities of daily living, IADL instrumental activities of daily living
P-value of interaction value is denoted as *: < 0.05; **:< 0.01; ***:< 0.001