Effects of released small molecules on human monocyte-derived osteoclast morphology, size, TRAP activity, and gene expression. (A) TRAP staining images of osteoclasts treated with released media with RVS and SrRn (scale bars: 200 μm); (B) Measurement of osteoclast size based on TRAP staining images (at least three images were taken from each samples, and 5 samples were used for each scaffold group; ***p<0.001, n.s. indicates no significant difference); (C) TRAP activity (*p<0.05); (D) qPCR analysis of NFATc1, MMP-9, and CTSK genes for osteoclasts (n=3; *p<0.05, ***p < 0.001).