Table 3.
Factors associated with virological success (Viral load < 400 copies/mL versus > 400 copies/mL or not measured) in HIV-infected children at 5 years after early antiretroviral treatment initiation (ANRS-Pediacam Study, 2008–2013, Cameroon)
| Baseline characteristics at 2 years +/− 3 months after ART initiation | Univariate analysis VL < 400 cp/mL at 5 years +/− 3 months after ART initiation |
Multivariate analysis (logistic regression) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | n | % | Crude OR (95%CI) | p | Adjusted OR (95%CI) |
p | N2 | |
| 142 | ||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 65 | 39 | 60.0 | 1 | 0.041 | 0.122 | ||
| Female | 79 | 60 | 76.0 | 2.1 (1.0–4.4) | 1.9 (0.9–4.2) | |||
| Site of ART delivery | ||||||||
| CME/FCB | 74 | 47 | 63.5 | 1 | 0.056 | 1 | 0.102 | |
| HLD | 30 | 19 | 63.3 | 0.8 (0.3–18) | 0.7 (0.3–1.8) | |||
| CHE | 40 | 33 | 82.5 | 2.8 (1.0–7.6) | 2.4 (0.8–7.2) | |||
| Age | ||||||||
| < 28 months (treatment initiated before age of 4 months) | 72 | 50 | 69.4 | 1 | 0.855 | |||
| ≥ 28 months (treatment initiated from age of 4 months) | 72 | 49 | 68.1 | 0.9 (0.5–1.9) | ||||
| Calendar period | ||||||||
| 2010–2011 | 91 | 63 | 69.2 | 1 | 0.923 | 1 | 0.206 | |
| 2012–2013 | 53 | 36 | 67.9 | 1.0 (0.5–2.0) | 1.8 (0.7–4.4) | |||
| Virological response within the first two years of ART | ||||||||
| Absence of confirmed virological success | 29 | 15 | 51.7 | 1 | 0.010 | 1 | 0.033 | |
| Achievement of confirmed virological success at least once (= 2 VL < 1000 copies/mL for two consecutive measurements) | 115 | 84 | 73.0 | 3.0 (1.3–6.9) | 2.7 (1.1–6.8) | |||
| Virological status | ||||||||
| VL ≥ 400 copies/mL or not measured | 54 | 29 | 53.7 | 1 | 0.061 | |||
| VL < 400 copies/mL | 90 | 70 | 77.7 | 2.2 (0.9–4.8) | ||||
| Children living with(1) | ||||||||
| Mother or father | 96 | 77 | 80.2 | |||||
| Other relatives | 23 | 23 | 100.0 | |||||
| Availability of refrigerator in the household | ||||||||
| No | 40 | 34 | 85.0 | 1 | 0.939 | |||
| Yes | 44 | 36 | 81.8 | 1.0 (0.4–2.6) | ||||
| Access to electricity at home(1) | ||||||||
| No | 5 | 3 | 60.0 | |||||
| Yes | 79 | 67 | 84.8 | |||||
| Access to water at home(1) | ||||||||
| No | 52 | 42 | 80.9 | 1 | 0.876 | |||
| Yes | 32 | 28 | 87.5 | 1.0 (0.4–3.0) | ||||
| History of hospitalization, diarrhea, infectious disease, or convulsions within the last 3 months before the M60 visit | ||||||||
| No | 75 | 59 | 78.7 | 1 | 0.975 | |||
| Yes | 45 | 37 | 82.2 | 1.0 (0.5–2.3) | ||||
| CD4 percentage(2) | ||||||||
| < 25% | 30 | 29 | 96.2 | 1 | 0.221 | |||
| ≥ 25% | 89 | 70 | 78.7 | 0.5 (0.2–1.5) | ||||
| ART regimen | ||||||||
| Lopinavir-based | 106 | 77 | 72.6 | 1 | 0.117 | 1 | 0.155 | |
| Nevirapine-based | 38 | 22 | 57.9 | 0.5 (0.2–1.2) | 0.5 (0.2–1.3) | |||
| Number of missed doses within the last 3 days before M60 visit | ||||||||
| ≥ 1 missed dose | 95 | 77 | 81.1 | 1 | 0.076 | 1 | 0.075 | |
| No missed dose | 30 | 22 | 73.3 | 2.8 (0.9–8.7) | 2.7 (0.9–10.4) | |||
VL viral load; ART antiretroviral therapy: OR odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; N total number of subjects at 5 years after treatment initiation; n: number of subjects with virological success at 5 years after treatment initiation; p: statistical test; N2 total number of subjects in final multivariate model; VL: viral load; (1): Variable excluded from the univariate and multivariate analyses because of unbalanced sizes of categories; (2): Variables excluded from the multivariate analysis because of collinearity with virological status at 2 years after treatment initiation