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. 2021 Apr 21;7:10. doi: 10.1186/s41205-021-00102-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Summary of Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies - 2 (QUADAS-2) ratings. The index test was the evaluation of the 3D-printed simulator. Applicability refers to appropriateness of the simulation to measure trainee ability. The reference standard was a comparison to evaluate the 3D-printed simulation. Flow and timing refers to equal treatment among participants and appropriate study follow-up, if applicable. There was a low to moderate degree of bias established due to the variability between study designs in the reviewed articles