. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Res Adolesc. 2020 Jul 1;30(4):835–855. doi: 10.1111/jora.12566

Table 3.

Predicting Latent Growth Curve Trajectories of Child-Reported Internalizing Behavior By Culture

	Cultural Group
	U.S. White		U.S. Black		U.S. Latino		China		Italy/Naples		Italy/Rome		Kenya		Philippines		Thailand		Sweden		Colombia		Jordan
	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE
Intercept
Intercept	14.76^*	0.67	15.05^*	0.89	15.98^*	0.84	11.26^*	0.59	16.10^*	0.74	14.56^*	0.79	N/A	N/A	18.77^*	0.69	14.28^*	0.61	12.90^*	0.79	20.17^*	0.92	14.17^*	0.70
Predictors of Intercept
Parental¹ Warmth	−4.04	3.11	−5.48	3.06	−8.67^*	2.40	0.27	1.65	−2.90	2.46	−3.19	2.15	N/A	N/A	−6.78^*	2.09	−2.50	1.49	3.57	2.16	−8.78^*	3.36	−1.61	1.54
Parental Control¹	2.08	1.73	2.09	2.09	4.38^{^}	2.13	1.71	1.91	1.43	1.78	1.91	1.81	N/A	N/A	−0.29	1.77	7.47^*	1.87	0.84	1.38	0.40	2.07	1.59	1.47
Linear Slope
Linear Slope	−1.33⁵^*	0.39	−1.91⁵^*	0.41	−3.44^*	0.49	−2.06^*	0.43	−1.94⁵^*	0.43	−1.22⁵^*	0.43	N/A	N/A	−0.04	0.18	0.22	0.17	−2.65^*	0.46	−4.45⁵^*	0.39	−1.08⁵^*	0.40
Predictors of Linear Slope
Parental Warmth	−1.02³	2.43	−0.37³	2.33	−0.16²	2.20	−3.21²^{^}	1.56	−0.16³	1.74	−0.21³	1.67	N/A	N/A	−0.51²	0.64	−1.46²^*	0.49	−6.31²^*	2.14	3.73³^*	1.43	−0.21³	1.08
Parental Control	−0.44³	1.12	−0.28³	1.21	0.75²	1.72	2.48²	1.94	−1.25³	1.26	−0.82³	1.23	N/A	N/A	0.17²	0.67	−0.45²	0.64	1.31²	1.02	1.11³	1.18	0.55³	1.06
Piecewise Linear or Quadratic Slope
Piecewise Linear or Quadratic Slope	0.93⁶^*	0.30	0.28⁶	0.27	0.46⁷^*	0.08	0.31⁷^*	0.08	0.86⁶^*	0.27	0.74⁶^*	0.21	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.39⁷^*	.07	1.71⁶^*	0.33	0.15⁶	0.26
Predictors of Piecewise or Quadratic Linear Slope
Parental Warmth	−2.95⁴^*	0.86	−1.84⁴^{^}	0.82	−0.13²	0.35	0.25	0.31	−1.51⁴^{^}	0.79	−1.01⁴	0.55	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.60²	0.36	−1.58⁴^{^}	0.70	−2.16⁴^*	0.52
Parental Control	−2.24⁴^*	0.60	−0.14	0.69	0.02²	0.30	−0.37	0.38	0.28⁴	0.70	0.12	0.50	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	−0.22²	0.17	0.43	0.75	1.58⁴^{^}	0.68
Omnibus Measures of Model Fit for Growth Curves
CFI	.96		1.0		.94		1.0		1.0		.96		.00		.99		.96		.95		.96		.96
TLI	.94		1.0		.90		1.0		1.0		.93		−5.2		.99		.96		.92		.94		.91
SRMR	.04		.03		.08		.05		.04		.08		.14		.08		.07		.10		.05		.08

^{^}

p ≤ .05

p ≤ .01

Age 8 Parenting Behavior

Average Parent Behavior over Ages 8–14

Average Parent Behavior Over Ages 8–10

⁴

Average Parent Warmth Over Ages 11–14

⁵

Indicates Linear Slope from Ages 8 to 10

⁶

Indicates Linear Slope from Ages 10 to 14

⁷

Indicates Quadratic Slope. CFI = Comparative Fit Index, TLI = Tucker-Lewis Index, SRMR = Standardized Root Mean Square Residual