Table 1. Role of oxidative stress.
H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; MDA: malondialdehyde; CIMT: carotid intima-media thickness; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; TG: triglyceride; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase
| Author | Year | Type of study | Number of patients | Purpose of study | Result | Conclusion |
| Ataş et al. [3] | 2017 | Case-control | 63 | To investigate the association of metabolic syndrome and vitiligo | Poor clinical features of vitiligo were found to be an independent factor for metabolic syndrome | Increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome in vitiligo |
| Azzazi et al. [12] | 2020 | Case-control | 50 | To determine the increased risk of cardiovascular events in vitiligo | Increased levels of H2O2 and MDA and decreased levels of TAC. Increased CIMT level | Increased risk of developing dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis, which increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases |
| Sinha et al. [13] | 2019 | Case-control | 75 | To assess the association of metabolic syndrome with vitiligo | A significant difference in HDL and TG in patients compared to controls | Metabolic syndrome was associated with vitiligo |
| Khan et al. [15] | 2009 | Case-control | 30 | To determine the level of antioxidants in patients | Increased levels of MDA, decreased levels of SOD, GPx, vitamin C, vitamin E, and TAC | Oxidative stress plays a vital role in melanocyte destruction leading to the development of vitiligo |
| Bhatti et. al. [16] | 2017 | Narrative review | - | To ascertain the role of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in metabolic disorders | - | Mitochondrial dysfunctions are involved in aging, cancer, metabolic syndrome, and neurodegenerative disorders |