Figure 2.

Attached pupae are taken away less frequently than detached pupae in nature. (a) Picture of the half-buried buckets installed in Bois de Vincennes. (b) Picture of two dishes placed in the centre of a bucket and containing attached (C) or detached (NC) pupae. (c–e) Predators observed in the dishes during the experiments: a red mite spider (c), two Temnothorax nylanderi ants (d) and a cockroach (e). (f) Boxplot represents the number of pupae present in one dish at the counting time. Pupae were counted twice a day in the morning (AM) and in the afternoon (PM). Each dot represents the count for one dish. White boxes represent dishes with detached pupae and grey boxes dishes with attached pupae. Boxplots are defined as previously (figure 1a). Asterisk indicates significant difference between the number of remaining pupae between the attached and detached conditions (p < 0 0.05, Wilcoxon test). Scale bars: (b) 1 cm, (c–e) 1 mm. (Online version in colour.)