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. 2021 Apr 7;12:642197. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.642197

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Copyright © 2021 Coker, Laue, Hoen, Hilliard, Dade, Li, Palys, Morrison, Baker, Karagas and Madan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Distinct 16S microbial signatures based on birth mode in the First year of life. (A) Stacked bar charts illustrating relative abundance of predominant genera (≥5% relative abundance) at each period of sample collection by delivery mode. (B) Shannon diversity indices was significantly higher for the VD group at 1 year only, however, diversity indices were consistently lower for the CD group throughout the First year of life. (C) Infant stool community composition differ based on delivery mode over the course of the study period. Beta diversity, generalized Unifrac adjusted group differences between CD and VD infants met the significance threshold at 6 weeks and 1 year. (D) Differentially abundant taxa based on delivery mode. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, NS not significant. VD, vaginally delivered; CD, cesarean -delivered.