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. 2021 Apr 20;23(4):e23488. doi: 10.2196/23488

Table 1.

Sample description (N=1074).

Variable Participants
Gender, n (%)

Male 459 (44.3)

Female 573 (55.4)

Other 3 (0.1)
Race/ethnicity, n (%)

White 723 (69.9)

Black 84 (8.1)

Hispanic 95 (9.2)

Multiracial 65 (6.3)

Other 67 (6.5)
Age (years), n (%)

18-35 304 (29.5)

36-50 263 (25.6)

51-65 277 (26.9)

>65 185 (18.0)
Education, n (%)

None through high school/GEDa 225 (21.8)

Postsecondary (trade school/some college/associate’s degree) 326 (31.6)

Bachelor’s degree 310 (30.0)

Advanced degree (master’s/doctoral/professional degree) 172 (16.7)
Income (US $), n (%)

<30,000 291 (28.1)

30,000-74,999 397 (38.4)

≥75,000 346 (33.5)
Political party, n (%)

Republican 297 (28.7)

Democrat 395 (38.1)

Independent 283 (27.3)

Something else 61 (5.9)
Variable means

COVID-19 protective behaviors index


Mean (SD) 20.1 (4.6)


Range 5-25

Trips leaving home per week


Mean (SD) 6.7 (6.7)


Range 0-39

Knowledge score


Mean (SD) 26.8 (5.3)


Range 11-35

Religiosity


Mean (SD) 3.9 (2.1)


Range 1-7

Trait reactance


Mean (SD) 2.4 (1.0)


Range 1-5

COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs


Mean (SD) 2.9 (1.1)


Range 1-5

COVID-19 apocalypse beliefs


Mean (SD) 2.2 (1.1)


Range 1-5

aGED: General Educational Development.