Table 1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Criteria	Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Criteria for abstract selection	1. Describe at least one effective learning behaviour in PBL setting in higher education setting 2. Provides evidence of a robust study design that is not limited to randomized controlled trials 3. Provides evidence of evaluation of a PBL 4. Outcomes of the study that are measurable either quantitatively or qualitatively	1. Primary and secondary students’ populations 2. Primary and secondary education context
Criteria for full article selection	1. Elaboration on the elements of effective learning behaviour are provided 2. Clear methodology on the measurement of the outcome 3. PBL context 4. Functional element that has been proven to promote learning 5. Well design research intervention	1. Review articles, published theses, books, research report, editorial and letters will be excluded from the searching process