Table 1.
List of the 81 animal sound stimuli and 81 corresponding human mimics (in alphabetical order).
| Name | Animal vocalizations |
Human mimics |
|||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intensity (dB) | Mean F0 (Hz) | No. of formants | HNR | WE | SSV | % n33 | % n50 | CA | Intensity (dB) | F0 (Hz) | No. of formants | HNR | WE | SSV | Gender | % n33 | % n50 | CA | |
| Baboon Grunts 1 | 72.69 | 205 | 5 | 5.72 | −11.36 | 0.94 | 63 | 66 | 1 | 72.72 | 637 | 5 | 9.97 | −11.02 | 0.45 | M | 97 | 98 | 1 |
| Badger Grunts 2 | 72.73 | 837 | 5 | 1.01 | −8.15 | 1.47 | 86 | 82 | 1 | 72.72 | 892 | 5 | −0.19 | −6.40 | 0.58 | M | 80 | 70 | 1 |
| Bear | 72.71 | – | 4 | 0.86 | −9.41 | 1.42 | 71 | 84 | 1 | 72.64 | 488 | 5 | 3.01 | −8.77 | 1.17 | M | 94 | 64 | 1 |
| Bear Cub Moans 1 | 72.71 | 567 | 5 | 9.07 | −12.54 | 0.86 | 71 | 92 | 1 | 72.73 | 606 | 5 | 20.91 | −10.77 | 0.28 | M | 86 | 68 | 1 |
| Bear Cub Moans 2 | 72.69 | 602 | 5 | 5.18 | −12.65 | 0.18 | 66 | 70 | 1 | 72.72 | 683 | 5 | 16.79 | −10.06 | 0.12 | M | 74 | 56 | 1 |
| Bear Roar | 72.72 | 354 | 5 | 4.99 | −11.39 | 0.48 | 97 | 92 | 1 | 72.72 | 123 | 5 | 5.12 | −8.24 | 0.41 | M | 89 | 80 | 1 |
| Beaver Call | 72.70 | 630 | 5 | 17.47 | −10.84 | 0.34 | 31 | 62 | 0 | 72.66 | 561 | 5 | 21.01 | −9.82 | 0.65 | M | 91 | 62 | 1 |
| Bobcat Growl 1 | 72.72 | 209 | 3 | 2.00 | −10.58 | 3.02 | 83 | 92 | 1 | 72.69 | 254 | 5 | 1.71 | −9.20 | 0.77 | M | 29 | 24 | 0 |
| Bobcat Growl 2 | 72.73 | 167 | 5 | −1.00 | −10.74 | 2.56 | 91 | 86 | 1 | 72.72 | 199 | 5 | 8.98 | −8.18 | 0.49 | M | 20 | 10 | 1 |
| Chimp Baby 1 | 72.73 | 671 | 5 | 15.17 | −11.31 | 0.13 | 74 | 82 | 1 | 72.72 | 670 | 5 | 22.98 | −12.01 | 0.59 | M | 66 | 30 | 1 |
| Chimp Baby 2 | 72.73 | 644 | 5 | 18.59 | −11.21 | 1.43 | 86 | 62 | 1 | 72.72 | 721 | 5 | 25.94 | −10.33 | 1.04 | M | 74 | 58 | 1 |
| Chimp Screams | 72.68 | 1238 | 5 | 23.16 | −10.33 | 0.55 | 77 | 76 | 0 | 72.71 | 1224 | 5 | 23.47 | −8.59 | 0.03 | F | 46 | 38 | 1 |
| Chimpanzee 1 | 72.73 | 868 | 4 | 11.51 | −10.49 | 1.11 | 100 | 96 | 1 | 72.73 | 671 | 5 | 24.80 | −10.23 | 3.95 | M | 51 | 46 | 1 |
| Chimpanzee 2 | 72.73 | 432 | 4 | 14.24 | −11.43 | 1.92 | 83 | 74 | 1 | 72.73 | 680 | 4 | 22.42 | −10.81 | 0.26 | M | 57 | 42 | 1 |
| Chimpanzee 3 | 72.72 | 210 | 4 | 13.43 | −11.89 | 0.09 | 91 | 90 | 1 | 72.71 | 773 | 5 | 26.10 | −10.78 | 0.32 | F | 49 | 46 | 1 |
| Chimpanzee 4 | 72.73 | 627 | 4 | 18.16 | −10.35 | 2.65 | 91 | 88 | 1 | 72.73 | 690 | 5 | 26.24 | −10.68 | 0.23 | F | 57 | 54 | 1 |
| Chipmunk Chatter | 72.70 | 1453 | 5 | 2.64 | −7.34 | 2.86 | 100 | 90 | 1 | 72.73 | 707 | 5 | 14.53 | −8.80 | 0.86 | M | 57 | 54 | 1 |
| Coyote Howls and Barks 1 | 72.73 | 475 | 5 | 3.76 | −12.16 | 2.69 | 97 | 98 | 1 | 72.73 | 575 | 4 | 13.66 | −10.67 | 0.39 | M | 91 | 56 | 1 |
| Coyote Howls and Barks 2 | 72.73 | 590 | 5 | 2.32 | −11.64 | 4.24 | 89 | 98 | 1 | 72.72 | 494 | 5 | 6.92 | −10.87 | 1.03 | M | 46 | 52 | 0 |
| Donkey | 72.72 | 818 | 4 | 5.99 | −7.50 | 0.50 | 94 | 92 | 0 | 72.70 | 548 | 5 | 13.51 | −9.59 | 0.30 | M | 86 | 72 | 1 |
| Gibbon Call | 72.73 | 645 | 5 | 10.92 | −10.15 | 2.24 | 89 | 90 | 1 | 72.73 | 679 | 5 | 28.96 | −12.12 | 0.30 | F | 23 | 52 | 1 |
| Gibbon Call 1 | 72.68 | 755 | 4 | 27.76 | −13.06 | 0.53 | 63 | 50 | 0 | 72.72 | 295 | 5 | 29.32 | −12.47 | 1.24 | F | 66 | 80 | 1 |
| Gibbon Call 2 | 72.69 | 767 | 5 | 13.34 | −11.29 | 3.18 | 97 | 78 | 1 | 72.68 | 861 | 5 | 26.20 | −11.31 | 1.20 | F | 43 | 48 | 1 |
| Gibbon Call 3 | 72.73 | 671 | 5 | 27.17 | −12.59 | 1.94 | 74 | 62 | 0 | 72.70 | 670 | 4 | 32.52 | −12.43 | 1.44 | M | 46 | 42 | 1 |
| Gibbon Call 4 | 72.69 | 664 | 5 | 34.80 | −13.13 | 0.51 | 69 | 54 | 0 | 72.71 | 631 | 5 | 34.47 | −12.37 | 1.28 | M | 86 | 82 | 1 |
| Goat Bleat 1 | 72.68 | 852 | 5 | 6.96 | −10.86 | 0.61 | 97 | 90 | 1 | 72.72 | 513 | 5 | 4.97 | −7.92 | 0.48 | M | 71 | 48 | 0 |
| Goat Bleat 2 | 72.72 | 888 | 5 | −2.06 | −8.80 | 0.42 | 94 | 86 | 1 | 72.73 | 744 | 5 | 4.93 | −10.20 | 0.68 | M | 63 | 26 | 0 |
| Goat Bleat 3 | 72.73 | 953 | 5 | −0.16 | −9.71 | 0.93 | 54 | 82 | 1 | 72.70 | 1141 | 5 | 5.45 | −8.11 | 0.05 | M | 77 | 48 | 1 |
| Goat Bleat 4 | 72.54 | 363 | 4 | 10.85 | −10.73 | 1.14 | 57 | 68 | 1 | 72.67 | 136 | 5 | 19.34 | −9.25 | 0.12 | M | 94 | 92 | 1 |
| Goat Bleat 5 | 72.70 | 445 | 5 | 5.38 | −9.50 | 0.86 | 91 | 88 | 1 | 72.71 | 370 | 5 | 4.89 | −7.17 | 0.89 | M | 69 | 46 | 1 |
| Gorilla 1 | 72.73 | 424 | 5 | 9.35 | −11.04 | 2.24 | 89 | 62 | 1 | 72.72 | 546 | 4 | 7.23 | −11.26 | 0.75 | M | 86 | 96 | 0 |
| Gorilla 2 | 72.73 | 482 | 4 | 4.79 | −10.65 | 0.74 | 89 | 76 | 1 | 72.72 | 541 | 5 | 17.41 | −11.85 | 0.79 | M | 54 | 78 | 0 |
| Gorilla Yells | 72.73 | 424 | 5 | 1.63 | −11.44 | 1.89 | 86 | 98 | 1 | 72.73 | 513 | 5 | 3.89 | −9.34 | 0.35 | M | 66 | 48 | 1 |
| Hyena Laugh | 72.73 | 446 | 4 | 6.91 | −8.76 | 3.81 | 40 | 66 | 1 | 72.70 | 371 | 5 | 10.87 | −7.70 | 3.15 | M | 97 | 100 | 1 |
| Hyena Whine | 72.73 | 883 | 5 | 15.17 | −10.47 | 2.28 | 83 | 88 | 1 | 72.72 | 685 | 5 | 18.10 | −9.35 | 3.55 | F | 51 | 76 | 1 |
| Leopard | 72.70 | 473 | 5 | −0.61 | −9.72 | 0.79 | 91 | 94 | 1 | 72.62 | 630 | 5 | −1.76 | −5.63 | 0.50 | M | 29 | 50 | 1 |
| Leopard Snarl 1 | 72.69 | 199 | 4 | −0.10 | −8.69 | 1.17 | 89 | 96 | 1 | 72.71 | 515 | 5 | 4.72 | −9.62 | 1.12 | M | 80 | 62 | 1 |
| Leopard Snarl 2 | 72.73 | 584 | 4 | 0.22 | −8.88 | 0.75 | 80 | 94 | 1 | 72.73 | 658 | 5 | 0.74 | −7.92 | 2.15 | M | 94 | 100 | 1 |
| Leopard Snarl 3 | 72.63 | 431 | 4 | 0.27 | −8.76 | 0.77 | 91 | 100 | 1 | 72.71 | 463 | 4 | 5.60 | −6.58 | 0.18 | M | 37 | 16 | 1 |
| Lion Roar | 72.72 | 271 | 5 | 6.74 | −13.44 | 1.50 | 91 | 86 | 1 | 72.69 | 377 | 4 | 4.50 | −8.52 | 1.29 | M | 43 | 22 | 1 |
| Monkey Calls 1 | 72.73 | 621 | 5 | 8.57 | −11.00 | 1.02 | 83 | 96 | 1 | 72.73 | 527 | 4 | 25.52 | −9.02 | 1.91 | F | 83 | 88 | 1 |
| Monkey Calls 2 | 72.72 | 1951 | 5 | 31.90 | −13.32 | 0.87 | 77 | 70 | 1 | 72.72 | 1150 | 5 | 30.07 | −10.71 | 0.52 | F | 31 | 28 | 1 |
| Monkey Calls 3 | 72.73 | 788 | 5 | 16.17 | −10.68 | 1.12 | 97 | 94 | 1 | 72.72 | 838 | 5 | 23.68 | −10.33 | 0.21 | F | 40 | 36 | 1 |
| Monkey Chirps 1 | 72.73 | 563 | 5 | 3.35 | −9.06 | 1.48 | 83 | 66 | 1 | 72.70 | 572 | 5 | 10.62 | −8.55 | 1.36 | F | 91 | 88 | 1 |
| Monkey Chirps 2 | 72.73 | 709 | 5 | 4.84 | −7.92 | 0.65 | 89 | 94 | 0 | 72.72 | 668 | 5 | 18.40 | −9.01 | 0.07 | F | 54 | 70 | 1 |
| Monkey Chirps 3 | 72.73 | 1000 | 5 | 4.16 | −7.39 | 0.66 | 89 | 92 | 0 | 72.72 | 686 | 5 | 14.99 | −7.93 | 0.36 | F | 69 | 48 | 1 |
| Monkey Chitter | 72.73 | 1739 | 5 | 3.48 | −8.13 | 4.28 | 100 | 100 | 1 | 72.72 | 486 | 4 | 3.55 | −7.21 | 0.37 | M | 94 | 80 | 0 |
| Monkey Growls 1 | 72.71 | 843 | 4 | 3.26 | −11.94 | 0.27 | 80 | 80 | 1 | 72.69 | 665 | 5 | 2.90 | −9.48 | 0.60 | M | 86 | 86 | 0 |
| Monkey Growls 2 | 72.73 | 996 | 5 | 1.31 | −11.01 | 2.02 | 89 | 90 | 1 | 72.72 | 606 | 4 | 7.07 | −9.03 | 0.46 | M | 94 | 98 | 1 |
| Monkey Panting with Vocal 1 | 72.73 | 588 | 4 | 6.18 | −9.00 | 1.35 | 77 | 90 | 1 | 72.73 | 723 | 5 | 29.42 | −11.67 | 0.11 | F | 40 | 54 | 1 |
| Monkey Panting with Vocal 2 | 72.73 | 756 | 4 | 5.28 | −9.25 | 1.51 | 94 | 90 | 1 | 72.73 | 523 | 5 | 23.60 | −10.81 | 0.18 | F | 57 | 76 | 1 |
| Monkey Panting with Vocal 3 | 72.73 | 773 | 5 | 2.39 | −9.62 | 1.15 | 74 | 82 | 1 | 72.72 | 447 | 4 | 9.67 | −7.68 | 0.45 | M | 89 | 92 | 1 |
| Monkey Panting with Vocal 4 | 72.73 | 931 | 5 | 0.11 | −9.03 | 1.36 | 89 | 68 | 1 | 72.73 | 205 | 3 | 7.96 | −6.98 | 2.06 | M | 83 | 92 | 1 |
| Otter Grunts 1 | 72.72 | 348 | 5 | 3.95 | −11.67 | 0.53 | 60 | 50 | 1 | 72.73 | 313 | 5 | 15.78 | −8.54 | 0.80 | F | 94 | 100 | 1 |
| Otter Grunts 2 | 72.73 | 529 | 5 | 3.10 | −10.52 | 1.25 | 94 | 96 | 1 | 72.71 | 560 | 4 | 11.38 | −10.02 | 0.76 | M | 77 | 66 | 1 |
| Panda Bark | 72.73 | 612 | 5 | 13.45 | −9.69 | 0.74 | 74 | 72 | 0 | 72.71 | 973 | 4 | 24.41 | −10.13 | 0.12 | F | 37 | 28 | 1 |
| Panda Bleat 1 | 72.72 | 774 | 4 | 16.06 | −9.49 | 0.31 | 49 | 68 | 0 | 72.64 | 747 | 5 | 21.66 | −10.41 | 1.61 | M | 43 | 38 | 1 |
| Panda Bleat 2 | 72.72 | 655 | 4 | 21.04 | −10.33 | 0.13 | 51 | 62 | 0 | 72.69 | 722 | 5 | 21.87 | −10.24 | 0.56 | F | 49 | 36 | 1 |
| Panda Bleat 3 | 72.73 | 653 | 5 | 14.23 | −9.59 | 1.27 | 54 | 56 | 0 | 72.72 | 586 | 5 | 27.80 | −10.77 | 0.06 | M | 94 | 74 | 1 |
| Pig Squeals 1 | 72.70 | 903 | 4 | 0.69 | −8.06 | 1.06 | 94 | 84 | 1 | 72.71 | 783 | 5 | 10.30 | −8.44 | 0.22 | F | 46 | 20 | 1 |
| Pig Squeals 2 | 72.71 | 1387 | 4 | 2.10 | −8.53 | 0.39 | 89 | 88 | 1 | 72.66 | 931 | 5 | 1.19 | −9.05 | 0.44 | M | 23 | 16 | 0 |
| Pig Squeals 3 | 72.73 | 618 | 4 | 0.69 | −8.17 | 0.91 | 91 | 94 | 1 | 72.73 | 508 | 4 | 2.87 | −7.80 | 2.79 | M | 89 | 94 | 1 |
| Pig Squeals 4 | 72.73 | 1081 | 5 | 1.17 | −9.25 | 0.74 | 97 | 98 | 1 | 72.71 | 642 | 5 | 1.72 | −7.84 | 0.26 | M | 14 | 8 | 1 |
| Pig Squeals 5 | 72.73 | 890 | 4 | 1.90 | −9.34 | 0.63 | 89 | 94 | 1 | 72.71 | 867 | 5 | 5.29 | −9.95 | 0.43 | M | 69 | 50 | 0 |
| Pig Squeals 6 | 72.72 | 884 | 5 | 0.12 | −8.99 | 0.65 | 91 | 98 | 1 | 72.73 | 679 | 5 | 1.00 | −8.91 | 0.61 | M | 89 | 60 | 1 |
| Pig Squeals 7 | 72.73 | 862 | 5 | 1.91 | −8.57 | 1.59 | 83 | 80 | 1 | 72.72 | 629 | 5 | 5.64 | −7.86 | 0.41 | M | 63 | 54 | 1 |
| Puma Scream | 72.70 | 170 | 5 | 19.65 | −11.13 | 0.31 | 83 | 76 | 1 | 72.71 | 1082 | 4 | 20.75 | −9.28 | 0.29 | M | 34 | 32 | 1 |
| Raccoon Chitter 1 | 72.72 | 1210 | 5 | 2.44 | −9.45 | 1.71 | 97 | 96 | 1 | 72.72 | 1106 | 5 | 14.35 | −9.04 | 0.58 | M | 31 | 42 | 1 |
| Raccoon Chitter 2 | 72.71 | 1432 | 5 | 7.58 | −11.02 | 2.48 | 97 | 92 | 1 | 72.69 | 494 | 5 | 8.07 | −9.80 | 0.85 | M | 83 | 76 | 0 |
| Rhino Calls | 72.72 | 328 | 5 | 9.97 | −12.52 | 0.26 | 83 | 86 | 1 | 72.72 | 728 | 4 | 7.25 | −8.82 | 0.21 | F | 80 | 62 | 1 |
| Sea Lion Growls 1 | 72.69 | 763 | 4 | 6.74 | −11.67 | 0.40 | 74 | 90 | 1 | 72.66 | 887 | 4 | 13.21 | −9.28 | 2.64 | M | 46 | 34 | 1 |
| Sea Lion Growls 2 | 72.71 | 728 | 4 | 1.18 | −10.66 | 1.27 | 91 | 78 | 1 | 72.73 | 510 | 4 | 9.50 | −10.52 | 0.30 | M | 94 | 94 | 1 |
| Snow Leopard | 72.72 | 442 | 5 | 1.61 | −7.66 | 0.06 | 69 | 68 | 0 | 72.69 | 590 | 5 | 2.36 | −8.43 | 0.37 | M | 71 | 38 | 1 |
| Squirrel Chirping 1 | 72.72 | 582 | 5 | 1.38 | −11.26 | 0.32 | 80 | 58 | 1 | 72.71 | 257 | 5 | 5.91 | −7.13 | 0.17 | M | 91 | 86 | 1 |
| Squirrel Chirping 2 | 72.72 | 624 | 5 | 2.61 | −9.83 | 0.46 | 83 | 76 | 1 | 72.72 | 165 | 5 | 19.18 | −10.62 | 0.10 | M | 77 | 98 | 1 |
| Squirrel Chirping 3 | 72.73 | 557 | 5 | −0.43 | −10.28 | 0.66 | 71 | 82 | 1 | 72.72 | 910 | 4 | 20.54 | −9.02 | 3.33 | F | 51 | 66 | 1 |
| Tiger 1 | 72.71 | 262 | 5 | 3.07 | −9.65 | 0.68 | 100 | 96 | 1 | 72.72 | 352 | 4 | 9.40 | −6.94 | 0.19 | M | 51 | 22 | 1 |
| Tiger 2 | 72.72 | 83 | 5 | 3.23 | −10.98 | 1.21 | 97 | 96 | 1 | 72.71 | 578 | 5 | 1.83 | −7.39 | 0.57 | M | 43 | 14 | 1 |
| Tiger 3 | 72.70 | 528 | 5 | 2.45 | −8.49 | 0.86 | 86 | 84 | 0 | 72.73 | 437 | 4 | 2.36 | −8.39 | 0.93 | M | 97 | 68 | 0 |
| Wildcat Hiss 1 | 72.73 | 859 | 4 | 3.31 | −10.63 | 0.50 | 89 | 96 | 1 | 72.72 | 703 | 5 | 4.48 | −7.35 | 0.26 | M | 83 | 76 | 1 |
| Wildcat Hiss 2 | 72.71 | 424 | 4 | −1.32 | −9.64 | 0.94 | 71 | 58 | 1 | 72.72 | 727 | 5 | 2.06 | −7.10 | 0.28 | M | 83 | 78 | 1 |
| Average | 72.71 | 683.30 | 4.65 | 7.27 | −10.24 | 1.21 | 82.3 | 82.3 | 72.71 | 618.47 | 4.73 | 13.21 | −9.31 | 0.79 | 65.8 | 58.7 | |||
| SD | 0.03 | 343.07 | 0.50 | 8.02 | 1.48 | 0.94 | 14.5 | 13.5 | 0.02 | 229.12 | 0.47 | 9.62 | 1.55 | 0.84 | 23.0 | 25.2 | |||
Note. All stimuli were 180-ms duration and matched for average root-mean-square intensity. Various acoustic signal attributes for the original animal vocalizations and corresponding human mimic are indicated, including fundamental frequency (F0), estimated number of formants, harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR; dBHNR), Wiener entropy (WE), and spectral structure variation (SSV). The gender of the human mimicker is also indicated. Categorization accuracy is also shown for the n = 33 electroencephalography (EEG) participants (n33), the n = 50 non-EEG participants (n50), and the classifier algorithm (CA). Bold entries indicate sounds with spectrograms illustrated in Figure 2A. M = male; F = female.